The Cytoskeleton—A Complex Interacting Meshwork

Hohmann, Tim; Dehghani, Faramarz

doi:10.3390/cells8040362

Cited by 228 publications

(192 citation statements)

References 609 publications

(755 reference statements)

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“…[24] These results suggest that the viscosity changes we have measured are primarily due to alterations in the microtubule cytoskeleton. [24] These results suggest that the viscosity changes we have measured are primarily due to alterations in the microtubule cytoskeleton.…”

Section: Structural Changesmentioning

confidence: 57%

Upconverting Nanorockers for Intracellular Viscosity Measurements During Chemotherapy

et al. 2019

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molecules and organelles inside the cell. It is also a reliable indicator of the cellular state, which can be used to detect the appearance and onset of different diseases, including cancer. [1] The precise knowledge of the intracellular viscosity can be used to evaluate the effects caused by different treatments at the single-cell level. Indeed, cytoplasmic viscosity is modified when cancer cells are subjected to a chemotherapy process, so that variations in the intracellular viscosity can be used to assess the evolution of the treatment. [2] The intracellular environment is a composite of water and a variety of proteins and organelles. One of the main protein components of the cytoplasm is the cytoskeleton. This 3D network composed of filamentous proteins is a highly mobile, viscoelastic, and flexible entity that controls the cellular mechanics. [3] Particularly, alterations produced in the intracellular viscosity due to drug administration are governed by the effect of the chemical on the cytoskeleton of the cell. There are three major types of cytoskeletal filaments: microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments. They differ from each other in their molecular structure, function, and mechanical properties. These filamentous proteins, and other associated proteins, have Chemicals capable of producing structural and chemical changes on cells are used to treat diseases (e.g., cancer). Further development and optimization of chemotherapies require thorough knowledge of the effect of the chemical on the cellular structure and dynamics. This involves studying, in a noninvasive way, the properties of individual cells after drug administration. Intracellular viscosity is affected by chemical treatments and it can be reliably used to monitor chemotherapies at the cellular level. Here, cancer cell monitoring during chemotherapeutic treatments is demonstrated using intracellular allocated upconverting nanorockers. A simple analysis of the polarized visible emission of a single particle provides a real-time readout of its rocking dynamics that are directly correlated to the cytoplasmic viscosity. Numerical simulations and immunodetection are used to correlate the measured intracellular viscosity alterations to the changes produced in the cytoskeleton of cancer cells by anticancer drugs (colchicine and Taxol). This study evidences the possibility of monitoring cellular properties under an external chemical stimulus for the study and development of new treatments. Moreover, it provides the biomedical community with new tools to study intracellular dynamics and cell functioning.

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Section: Structural Changesmentioning

confidence: 57%

Upconverting Nanorockers for Intracellular Viscosity Measurements During Chemotherapy

et al. 2019

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“…Under physiological conditions, actin monomers, called globular actin, spontaneously polymerize into long stable filaments, filamentous actin (F‐actin), with a helical arrangement of subunits . In the formation of actin filaments, globular actin binds to ATP, forms stable di‐ or trimers, and, finally, the filaments elongate by the addition of monomers (Figure ) . Actin filaments are polar because the subunits in the filament all point in the same direction.…”

Section: Structures Of Actin Filaments and Its Role In Spermatogenic mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They have a fast‐growing barbed end (known as the plus end) and a slow growing or dissociating pointed end (known as the minus end) . Over 100 accessory proteins are used to maintain a pool of actin monomers, initiate polymerization, restrict the length of actin filaments, regulate the assembly and turnover of actin filaments, and crosslink filaments into networks or bundles . Dynamic actin filament networks are required for numerous functions related to cell shape and movement, such as migration, contraction, adhesion, and protrusion …”

Section: Structures Of Actin Filaments and Its Role In Spermatogenic mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21 In the formation of actin filaments, globular actin binds to ATP, forms stable di-or trimers, and, finally, the filaments elongate by the addition of monomers ( Figure 1). 22 Actin filaments are polar because the subunits in the filament all point in the same direction. They have a fast-growing barbed end (known as the plus end) and a slow growing or dissociating pointed end (known as the minus end).…”

Section: S Truc Ture S Of Ac Tin Fil Aments and Its Role In S Permamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…23 Over 100 accessory proteins are used to maintain a pool of actin monomers, initiate polymerization, restrict the length of actin filaments, regulate the assembly and turnover of actin filaments, and crosslink filaments into networks or bundles. 22,24 Dynamic actin filament networks are required for numerous functions related to cell shape and movement, such as migration, contraction, adhesion, and protrusion. 25 During spermatogenesis, spermatogenic cells undergo morphological changes that are classified into many phases, such as condensation of the sperm head, acrosome formation, elongation of the tail, and mitochondria translocation.…”

Section: S Truc Ture S Of Ac Tin Fil Aments and Its Role In S Permamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physiological role of actin regulation in male fertility: Insight into actin capping proteins in spermatogenic cells

Soda

Miyagawa

Fukuhara

et al. 2020

Reprod Medicine & Biology

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Background During spermatogenesis, cytoskeletal elements are essential for spermatogenic cells to change morphologically and translocate in the seminiferous tubule. Actin filaments have been revealed to be concentrated in specific regions of spermatogenic cells and are regulated by a large number of actin‐binding proteins. Actin capping protein is one of the essential actin regulatory proteins, and a recent study showed that testis‐specific actin capping protein may affect male infertility. Methods The roles of actin during spermatogenesis and testis‐specific actin capping protein were reviewed by referring to the previous literature. Main findings (Results) Actin filaments are involved in several crucial phases of spermatogenesis including acrosome biogenesis, flagellum formation, and nuclear processes such as the formation of synaptonemal complex. Besides, an implication for capacitation and acrosome reaction was also suggested. Testis‐specific actin capping proteins are suggested to be associated with the removal of excess cytoplasm in mice. By the use of high‐throughput sperm proteomics, lower protein expression of testis‐specific actin capping protein in infertile men was also reported. Conclusion Actin is involved in the crucial phases of spermatogenesis, and the altered expression of testis‐specific actin capping proteins is suggested to be a cause of male infertility in humans.

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Characters of KRT80 and its roles in neoplasms diseases

et al. 2023

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Background KRT80 is a human epithelial intermediate filament type II gene; its expression product is a component of intracellular intermediate filaments (IFs) and is involved in the assembly of the cytoskeleton. There is evidence that IFs form a dense network mainly in the perinuclear area, but they can also reach the cortex. They are essential for mechanical cushioning of cells, organelle positioning, cell apoptosis, migration, adhesion, and interactions with other cytoskeletal components. Humans possess 54 functional keratin genes, and KRT80 is one of the more unique genes. It is widely expressed in almost all epithelial cells, although it is structurally more similar to type II hair keratins than to type II epithelial keratins. Aim In this review, we summarize the basic facts about the keratin family and KRT80, the essential role of KRT80 in neoplasms, and its potential as a therapeutic target. We hope that this review will inspire researchers to at least partially focus on this area. Result In many neoplastic diseases, the high expression status of KRT80 and its role in regulating the biological functions of cancer cells have been well established. KRT80 can effectively enhance the proliferation, invasiveness and migration of cancer cells. However, the effects of KRT80 on prognosis and clinically relevant indices in patients with various cancers have not been extensively studied, and even opposite conclusions have been reached in different studies of the same cancer. Based on this, we should add more clinically relevant studies to clarify the prospect of clinical application of KRT80. Many researchers have made great progress in studying the mechanism of action of KRT80. However, their studies should be extended to more cancers to find common regulators and signaling pathways of KRT80 in different cancers. KRT80 may have far‐reaching effects on the human body, and this marker may play a crucial role in the function of cancer cells and the prognosis of cancer patients, so it has a promising future in the field of neoplasms. Conclusion In neoplastic diseases, KRT80 is overexpressed in many cancers and plays an essential role in promoting proliferation, migration, invasiveness and poor prognosis. The mechanisms of KRT80 functions in cancer have been partially elucidated, suggesting that KRT80 is a potentially useful cancer therapeutic target. However, more systematic, in‐depth and comprehensive studies are still needed in this field.

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The Cytoskeleton—A Complex Interacting Meshwork

Cited by 228 publications

References 609 publications

Upconverting Nanorockers for Intracellular Viscosity Measurements During Chemotherapy

Upconverting Nanorockers for Intracellular Viscosity Measurements During Chemotherapy

Physiological role of actin regulation in male fertility: Insight into actin capping proteins in spermatogenic cells

Characters of KRT80 and its roles in neoplasms diseases

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