The Cytology of the Normal Cerebrospinal Fluid

Sörnäs, Rune

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1972.tb07553.x

Cited by 29 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In terms of normal CSF, the median leukocyte ratios are 86.5% for lymphocytes, 10.5% for monocytes and 2.0% for macrophages ( 3 ). In leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, the median leukocyte ratios are 59.7% for lymphocytes, 24.0% for monocytes and 1.5% for neutrophils ( 9 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Macrophages in Giemsa-stained cerebrospinal fluid specimens predict carcinomatous meningitis

et al. 2020

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Carcinomatous meningitis is a condition in which tumor cells spread to the subarachnoid space. Leukocyte counting and typing of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell components are performed manually or using flow cytometry. However, a detailed analysis of these variables using cytological specimens has not yet been reported. The present study analyzed cytological specimens using Giemsa staining and whole slide imaging with computer-assisted image analysis (CAIA) to clarify the characteristics of the leukocyte population in CSF, especially in carcinomatous meningitis. Manual evaluation was performed using 280 Giemsa-stained cytological CSF specimens. For 49 samples, CAIA was used for the whole area of Papanicolaou (Pap) staining, and Giemsa-stained specimens of the same samples were imaged using a virtual slide scanner. The nuclear morphology of the leukocytes was assessed, and the total leukocyte and leukocyte subset (lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages) counts were evaluated. Then, the number and percentage of each leukocyte subset population were evaluated. The total leukocyte count was significantly higher in Giemsa-stained specimens compared with in Pap-stained specimens. The percentage of macrophages was significantly higher in samples from patients with non-hematological tumors compared with in samples from patients without tumors, which was confirmed by manual evaluation of the specimens. In addition, the cut-off value of the percentage of macrophages that could discriminate between the tumor history negative cases and cytologically tumor positive cases was determined, revealing that a higher proportion of macrophages reflected the existence of atypical/malignant epithelial tumor cells in CSF samples. Thus, atypical cell screening and analysis of the background characteristics of the leukocyte population should be the focus of cytological specimen screening, especially not to miss carcinomatous meningitis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leukocyte counting and typing of CSF has previously been performed manually or using various types of flow cytometers ( 3 , 4 ). Normally, in healthy individuals the manual leukocyte count is <5/µl ( 4 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macrophages in Giemsa-stained cerebrospinal fluid specimens predict carcinomatous meningitis

et al. 2020

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“…The medical records of downer dairy cows for which a CSF analysis was performed between January 2006 and December 2014 were In the first scenario, data were explored using a cutoff used in human and feline medicine to declare samples as contaminated 7,12 (samples with <30 RBC/μL were included). The second scenario included our CSF results considered normal using the interpretation guidelines reported by Achard et al (samples with TNCC ≤4.5 cell/μL and TPC <0.25 g/L).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpretation of cerebrospinal fluid analysis from recumbent cows using different thresholds of red blood cell count

Puerto‐Parada

Arango‐Sabogal

Bilodeau

et al. 2022

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background Hemodilution of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could confound interpretation of results. Accurately predicting total nucleated cells count (TNCC) and total protein concentration (TPC) attributable to hemodilution is difficult. Objective To determine the effects of hemodilution on TPC and TNCC in bovine CSF. Methods Retrospective review of CSF analysis results of downer dairy cows treated at Centre hospitalier universitaire vétérinaire between January 2006 and December 2014. Descriptive statistics were performed using 3 scenarios. Results Among the 235 samples included, red blood cell (RBC) count (RBCC) ranged from 0 to 869 220 RBC/μL (median = 6.6), TPC ranged from 0.04 to 6.51 g/L (median = 0.27), and TNCC ranged from 0 to 7500 cell/μL (median = 1.1). Among the 157 samples that had <30 RBC/μL (a threshold used in other species), TPC and TNCC varied between 0.13 and 1.06 g/L (median = 0.27) and between 0 and 31.4 cell/μL (median = 0.6), respectively. Eighty‐four samples had TPC <0.25 g/L and TNCC ≤4.5 cell/μL. Among those 84 samples, RBCC varied between 0 and 1290 RBC/μL (median = 4.7). In 20 samples, TNCC was 0 with a variation in RBCC between 0 and 840 RBC/μL (median = 3.9). No strong correlations between RBCC and TNCC and TPC were found. Conclusions A cutoff around 200 RBC/μL is proposed as clinically meaninful in bovine CSF. Results between 200 and 1290 RBC/μL are equivocal.

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“…Als normale Zellverteilung im Liquor cerebrospinalis können die Mediane von 87% lymphozytären Zellen, 11 % monozytären Zellen und 2%'Makrophageri angesehen werden bei einer Zellausbeute von mehr als 60% nach 1 h reiner Sedimentation (1,4). Eine starke Abweichung von dieser normalen Verteilung wurde für verschiedene Modelle des Sedimentkammer-Verfahrens nach Sayk gefunden mit höheren (20,26,36,40) oder etwa gleichen (43,44) monozytären Anteilen im Vergleich zu Lympho-zyten.…”

Section: Relative Zellverteilungunclassified

Liquorzytologie: Ausbeute, Verteilung und Darstellung von Leukozyten bei drei Sedimentationsverfahren im Vergleich zu drei Zytozentrifugen-Modifikationen

Lehmitz¹,

Kleine²

1994

LaboratoriumsMedizin

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___ was auf die geringe Zellausbeute besonders kleiner Zellen (z.B. Lymphozyten) zurückgeführt werden kann. Damit erscheint das Hettich-Zytozentrifugenverfahren mit angereicherten Liquorproben und zugesetztem Albumin in Serumkonzentration für eine quantitative Liquorzytologie in der Routine geeignet. Mit diesem Verfahren wird durch Vorzentrifügation der Liquorprobe nativerzellfreierLiquorfür weitere Untersuchungen gewonnen, was mit den .anderen hier beschriebenen Verfahren nicht möglich ist. Schlüsselwörter: Liquor cerebrospinalis -Liquorzytologie -Zytozentrifugation -Sedimentkammer -Sorptionsringkammer -Zellausbeute -Differentialzellbild -Zelldarstellung Summary:Cell yield, cellular differential and cytomorphology of leukocytes were determined with three different Sedimentation procedures described by Sayk, respectively with three ' cytocentrifuge modifications, and the tesults were compared: The cell yield (median) was 9% in CSF cell samples with Iow cell counts (median: 3,500 leukocytes per ml) applying the Sedimentation technique after Sayk; applying the sorption ring chamber forspontaneous cell Sedimentation after Sayk with or withoutcentrifugation, it was 4%, respectively 11 % with blood leukocytes suspended to 3,200 leukocytes per ml (median) in a 0.5 g/l albumin solution; however, higher yields of disrupted cells were found. The highest cell yield (median) of 47% and < 5% disrupted cells were obtained with the Lab.med. 18: 91 (1994) 91 Brought to you by | New York University Bobst Library Technical Services Authenticated Download Date | 6/10/15 8:39 PM OriginalieHettich-cytocentrifuge procedure using precentrifuged CSFsamples suspended in a 50 g/l albumin solution. It was 20% with suspended blood leukocytes applying the Hettichcytocentrifuge procedure to non-concentrated samples and 4% applying the Shandon cytocentrifuge each yielding 7% ofdisruptedcells. Cellular differential (medians) in CSF exhibited 83% lymphocytes and 14% monocytes applying the Hettich-cytocentrifuge procedure and precentrifuged CSF samples of Iow cell counts; it was similar to the "true" distribution of CSF cells described by Sörnäs 1972. Cytomorphology in CSF samples corresponds to that of blood smears applying the Hettich-cytocentrifuge procedure described here in contrast to the otherknown prpcedures. The Sedimentation technique after Sayk exhibits distortions ofthe CSF cell distribution showing relatively more monocytes and fewer lymphocytes because ofthe Iow cell yield. Therefore, the Hettich-cytocentrifuge procedure using concentrated CSFsamples with addedalbumin ofserum concenträtion appears to be suitable for a quantitative CSFcytology for the daily routine. Moreover, the procedure allows to collect cell-free CSF for further investigations by precentrifugation of CSFsamples in contrast to the other procedures described here.

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The Cytology of the Normal Cerebrospinal Fluid

Cited by 29 publications

References 2 publications

Macrophages in Giemsa-stained cerebrospinal fluid specimens predict carcinomatous meningitis

Macrophages in Giemsa-stained cerebrospinal fluid specimens predict carcinomatous meningitis

Interpretation of cerebrospinal fluid analysis from recumbent cows using different thresholds of red blood cell count

Liquorzytologie: Ausbeute, Verteilung und Darstellung von Leukozyten bei drei Sedimentationsverfahren im Vergleich zu drei Zytozentrifugen-Modifikationen

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