The cytokine response of afferent lymph following orf virus reinfection of sheep

Abstract

The in vivo dynamics of differentiated cells and interleukin (1L)-1 p, IL-8, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interferon (1FN)q titres in afferent lymph were compared following orf virus reinfection and inactivated virus injection of previously infected sheep. The biphasic lymphoblast and cytokine response in the lymph to virus reinfection is consistent with a response initially to orf virus as recall antigen followed by a response to viral replication. CD4 T cells increased in output over other cell types in the lymph in both groups. A rapid immune/inflammatory response was detected in lymph plasma as an increase in cytokine titres within 24 h of virus reinfection or injection. Lymph cells producing IL-1 p and IL-8 appeared prior to those producing GM-CSF in both groups. In spite of variations in the concentration of individual cytokines in lymph following reinfection, both the size of the orf lesion and the time to resolve were similar in all cases.

Selective Induction of Apoptosis in Antigen-Presenting Cells in Mice by Parapoxvirus ovis

“…We did not look for anti-inflammatory granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in our experiments. However, induction of IFN-␣ and -␤, IL-2, and TNF-␣ has been described following a natural infection with PPVO (3,5,6) and could be confirmed in our studies monitoring induction of expression of the mRNA of these cytokines (not shown).…”

“…In sheep, the early response is characterized by an influx of neutrophils followed after several days by the accumulation of CD4 ϩ T cells, CD8 ϩ T cells, and B cells adjacent to and underlying PPVO-infected epidermal cells (12)(13)(14)(15). An increase of IL-1, IL-8, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) levels followed by rapid decline has been described in natural PPVO infections at very early time points (5). These cytokines are involved in the recruitment of granulocytes to the site of infection as part of the host inflammatory response to this infection.…”

Orf Virus Encodes a Novel Secreted Protein Inhibitor of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor and Interleukin-2

“…Lymph samples were from previous experiments (21,23). In these experiments, scabbymouth virus was used to infect Suffolk cross sheep in the hind flank (i.e., the prefemoral lymph node drainage region) by scarification with a needle and topical application of orf virus (10 6 50% tissue culture infective doses [TCID 50 ]).…”

“…In these experiments, scabbymouth virus was used to infect Suffolk cross sheep in the hind flank (i.e., the prefemoral lymph node drainage region) by scarification with a needle and topical application of orf virus (10 6 50% tissue culture infective doses [TCID 50 ]). For controls, the virus was inactivated by UV irradiation (21) and the equivalent of ϳ10 6 TCID 50 of virus was injected intradermally into the hind flank. Cannulated pseudo-afferent lymph (herein referred to as afferent lymph) and efferent lymph samples were obtained from reinfected sheep as described previously (21,23).…”

Orf virus-encoded interleukin-10 inhibits maturation, antigen presentation and migration of murine dendritic cells

“…The virus infects sheep via breaks in the skin around the mouth and causes contagious pustular dermatitis or scabby mouth that spontaneously resolves after 4-6 weeks (McKeever et al, 1988). ORFV has the ability to reinfect its host despite an apparently normal host immune response (reviewed in , albeit these lesions are smaller and resolve faster (10-15 days) (Robinson et al, 1981;McKeever et al, 1988;Haig et al, 1996). Antibody and cell-mediated responses to the virus are induced, although recovery is dependent only on the latter (Buddle & Pulford, 1984;Mercer et al, 1994;Czerny et al, 1997;Lloyd et al, 2000).…”