“…The central organization structure is linked to the bioenergetics systems through mitochondrial H 2 O 2 production and H 2 O 2 generation by NADPH oxidases (Nox) (44,45). Relatively slow, kinetically controlled oxidation of Cys (46,47) in transcription factors, actin cytoskeleton, mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) processing and trafficking machinery, molecular chaperones and docking proteins, translation and apoptosis machinery, and enzymes for glycolysis, lipid, and protein metabolism, is countered by thioredoxin-or GSH-dependent reduction, each linked to NADPH, to maintain stable steady states (27,28). The broad impact of oxidative stress on the redox proteome structure has been delineated in lung fibroblasts for low, environmental levels of cadmium exposure (48).…”