The Cygnus Loop’s distance, properties, and environment driven morphology

Fesen, Robert A.; Weil, Kathryn E.; Cisneros, Ignacio A.; Blair, William P.; Raymond, J. C.

doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2370

Cited by 42 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Other stars in the region may have been ejected from the North America nebula. The Cygnus loop or Veil nebula is a well studied supernova remnant (SNR) at a distance of 735 ± 25 pc (Fesen et al 2018) to the south of the North America nebula just outside the top panels in Fig. 1.…”

Section: Other Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Escape from the Bermuda cluster: Orphanization by multiple stellar ejections

Apellániz

González

Barbá

et al. 2022

A&A

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Context. Dynamical interactions in young stellar clusters can eject massive stars early in their lives and significantly alter their mass functions. If all of the most massive stars are lost, we are left with an orphan cluster. Aims. We study the Bermuda cluster (Villafranca O-014 NW), the most significant young stellar group in the North America and Pelican nebulae, and the massive stars that may have been ejected from it to test if it has been orphaned. Methods. We use Gaia EDR3 parallaxes and proper motions to search for walkaway and runaway stars in the vicinity of the North America and Pelican nebulae. The candidates are analyzed with a combination of spectroscopy and photometry to assess their nature and their trajectories are traced back in time to determine at what time they left the Bermuda cluster. Results. We detect three ejection events, dubbed the Bajamar, Toronto, and HD 201 795 events, which expelled (a minimum of) five, two, and two systems, respectively, or six, three, and three stars if we count the individual components in spectroscopic and eclipsing binaries. The events took place 1.611 ± 0.011 Ma, 1.496 ± 0.044 Ma, and 1.905 ± 0.037 Ma ago, respectively, but our analysis is marginally consistent with the first two being simultaneous. We detect bow shocks in WISE images associated with four of the ejected systems; their orientation agrees with that of their relative proper motions with respect to the cluster. Combining the three events, the Bermuda cluster has lost over 200 M⊙, including its three most massive stars, so it can be rightfully considered an orphan cluster. One consequence is that the present-day mass function of the cluster has been radically altered from its top-heavy initial value to one compatible with a Kroupa-like function. Another is that the cluster is currently expanding with a dynamical timescale consistent with the cause being the ejection events. A scenario in which the Bermuda cluster was formed in a conveyor-belt fashion over several hundreds of ka or even 1 Ma is consistent with all the observables.

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Section: Other Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Escape from the Bermuda cluster: Orphanization by multiple stellar ejections

Apellániz

González

Barbá

et al. 2022

A&A

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“…The Δ 14 C increase occurs at the beginning of another short-lived but geographically extensive cold interval in climate history: the Older Dryas Stadial (Mangerud et al ., 2017). The Cygnus Loop exhibits a radio and X-ray shell (Fesen et al ., 2018 a ) and its distance is now constrained to 0.74 ± 0.03 kpc (Fesen et al ., 2018 b ). If the true SN age is close to 15 000 BP, then the Cygnus Loop SN may have caused the brief but significant 14 722 years BP 14 C anomaly (Table 1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar system exposure to supernova γ radiation

Brakenridge

2020

International Journal of Astrobiology

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Planetary habitability may be affected by exposure to γ radiation from supernovae (SNe). Records of Earth history during the late Quaternary Period (40 000 years to present) allow testing for specific SN γ radiation effects. SNe include Type Ia white dwarf explosions, Type Ib, c and II core collapses, and many γ burst objects. Surveys of galactic SNe remnants offer a nearly complete accounting for this time and including SN distances and ages. Terrestrial changes in records of the cosmogenic isotope 14C are here compared to SN-predicted changes. SN γ emission occurs mainly within 3 years; average per-event total emissions of 4 × 1049 erg are used for comparison of close events There are 18 SNe ≤ 1.5 kpc, and brief 14C anomalies are reported for eight of the closest. Four are notable (BP is year before 1950 CE): the older Vela SNR and an abrupt 30‰ del 14C rise at 12 740 BP; S165 and a 20‰ rise at 7431 BP; Vela Jr. and a 14‰ rise at 2765 BP; and HB9 and a 9‰ rise at 5372 BP. Rapid-increase anomalies in 14C production have been attributed to cosmic rays from exceptionally large solar flares. However, the proximity and ages of these SNe, the probable size and duration of their γ emissions, the predicted effects on 14C, and the agreement with 14C records together support SNe causation. Also, the supposed solar-caused 14C anomalies at CE 774 and 993 may instead have been caused by the SNe associated with the G190.9-2.2 and G347.3-00.5 remnants. Both are of appropriate age and distance.

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“…The small 73 × 73 image 9 in Fig. 18 with an angular resolution of 0.2 represents a small fragment of the Veil Nebula, which is a segment of the Cygnus Loop, the large expanding shell of a supernova remnant (Fesen et al 2018). For this source and filament extraction with getsf, maximum sizes {X|Y} λ = {0.5, 2} were adopted (Sect.…”

Section: Supernova Remnant Ngc 6960mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiscale, multiwavelength extraction of sources and filaments using separation of the structural components:getsf

Men’shchikov

2021

A&A

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High-quality astronomical images delivered by modern ground-based and space observatories demand adequate, reliable software for their analysis and accurate extraction of sources, filaments, and other structures, containing massive amounts of detailed information about the complex physical processes in space. The multiwavelength observations with highly variable angular resolutions across wavebands require extraction tools that preserve and use the invaluable high-resolution information. Complex fluctuating backgrounds and filamentary structures appear differently on various scales, calling for multiscale approaches for complete and reliable extraction of sources and filaments. The availability of many extraction tools with varying qualities highlights the need to use standard model benchmarks for choosing the most reliable and accurate method for astrophysical research. This paper presents getsf, a new method for extracting sources and filaments in astronomical images using separation of their structural components, designed to handle multiwavelength sets of images and very complex filamentary backgrounds. The method spatially decomposes the original images and separates the structural components of sources and filaments from each other and from their backgrounds, flattening their resulting images. It spatially decomposes the flattened components, combines them over wavelengths, detects the positions of sources and skeletons of filaments, and measures the detected sources and filaments, creating the output catalogs and images. The fully automated method has a single user-defined parameter (per image), the maximum size of the structures of interest to be extracted, that must be specified by users. This paper presents a realistic multiwavelength set of simulated benchmark images that can serve as the standard benchmark problem to evaluate qualities of source-and filament-extraction methods. This paper describes hires, an improved algorithm for the derivation of high-resolution surface densities from multiwavelength farinfrared Herschel images. The algorithm allows creating the surface densities with angular resolutions that reach 5.6 when the 70 µm image is used. If the shortest-wavelength image is too noisy or cannot be used for other reasons, slightly lower resolutions of 6.8−11.3 are available from the 100 or 160 µm images. These high resolutions are useful for detailed studies of the structural diversity in molecular clouds. The codes getsf and hires are illustrated by their applications to a variety of images obtained with ground-based and space telescopes from the X-ray domain to the millimeter wavelengths.

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The Cygnus Loop’s distance, properties, and environment driven morphology

Cited by 42 publications

References 66 publications

Escape from the Bermuda cluster: Orphanization by multiple stellar ejections

Escape from the Bermuda cluster: Orphanization by multiple stellar ejections

Solar system exposure to supernova γ radiation

Multiscale, multiwavelength extraction of sources and filaments using separation of the structural components:getsf

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