The Cyclic Universes Model Based on the Split Division Algebras

Abstract

The proposed cyclic universes model based on the split division algebras accounts for the inflation, the Big Bang, gravity, dark energy, dark matter, the standard model, and the masses of all elementary particles. The split algebras (complex quaternion and complex octonion) as the Furey model generate the fixed spacetime dimension number for the observable universe with the fixed 4-dimensional spacetime (4D) standard model particles and the oscillating spacetime dimension number for the oscillating universes (hidden or dark energy) with the oscillation between 11D and 11D through 10D and between 10D and 10D through 4D. 11D has the lowest rest mass, the highest speed of light, and the highest vacuum energy, while 4D has the highest rest mass, the lowest (observed) speed of light, and zero vacuum energy. In the cyclic universes model, the universes start with the positive-energy and the negative-energy 11D membrane-antimembrane dual universes from the zero-energy inter-universal void, and are followed by the transformation of the 11D membrane-antimembrane dual universes into the 10D string-antistring dual universes and the external dual gravities as in the Randall-Sundrum model, resulting in the four equal and separate universes consisting of the positive-energy 10D universe, the positive-energy external gravity, the negative-energy 10D universe, and the negative-energy external gravity. Under the fixed spacetime dimension number, the positive-energy 10D universe is transformed into 4D standard model particles through the inflation and the Big Bang. Dark matter is the right-handed neutrino, exactly five times of baryonic matter in total mass in the universe. Under the oscillating spacetime dimension number, the other three universes oscillate between 10D and 10D through 4D, resulting in the hidden universes when D > 4 and dark energy (the maximum dark energy = 3/4 = 75%) when D = 4. Eventually, all four universes return to the 10D universes.

Split Membrane 11D Spacetime = 1D Eleventh Dimension Interval Space + 6D Rishon Space + 3D Higgs Space + 1D Einstein Time: Cosmology

“…As described previously [19] [20], the oscillation between 10D and 4D results in the reversible cyclic fractionalization-contraction for the reversible cyclic expansion-contraction of the universe.…”

“…In this paper, the masses of elementary particles are calculated accurately by dimension numbers. As discussed in the previous papers [19] [20], between 4D spacetime and 10D spacetime, dimension number decreases with decreasing speed of light, decreasing vacuum energy, and increasing rest mass. The 4D and the 10D have zero and the highest vacuum energies, respectively.…”

“…This paper posits that the origin of the split is from the cyclic universe cosmology in the multiverse. As mentioned in the previous papers [19] [20], the multiverse consists of the zero-energy inter-universal void with 4D detachment space and the multiple 11D positive-energy membrane-antimembrane and negative-energy anti-membrane dual universes with 11D attachment space. The total energy of a dual 11D universe is zero.…”