The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase gene of Dictyostelium discoideum contains three promoters specific for growth, aggregation, and late development.

Faure, Michel; Franke, Jakob; Hall, Anne L.; Podgorski, Gregory J.; Kessin, Richard H.

doi:10.1128/mcb.10.5.1921

Cited by 70 publications

(53 citation statements)

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“…These results show that the ecmA promoter has a modular structure, as do the promoters of the ecmB gene and the cAMP phosphodiesterase gene (Podgorski et al, 1989;Faure et al, 1990;Ceccarelli et al, 1991). This form of promoter organisation may be common to genes expressed in development, perhaps because it allows the fine tuning of expression patterns in response to inductive signals.…”

Section: Analysis Of the Ecma Promotermentioning

confidence: 83%

Two distinct populations of prestalk cells within the tip of the migratory Dictyostelium slug with differing fates at culmination

Early¹,

Gaskell²,

Traynor³

et al. 1993

Trends in Genetics

141

126

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Section: Analysis Of the Ecma Promotermentioning

confidence: 83%

Two distinct populations of prestalk cells within the tip of the migratory Dictyostelium slug with differing fates at culmination

Early¹,

Gaskell²,

Traynor³

et al. 1993

Trends in Genetics

141

126

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…These data indicate that both transcripts derive from the same gene. As is the case for other genes in Dictyostelium expressing two transcripts, we expect this is due to two promoters rather than differential splicing within the open reading frame (Faure et al, 1990;Mann and Firtel, 1991;Saxe et al, 1991;Mann et al, 1992;Rogers et al, 1997). …”

mentioning

confidence: 78%

DictyosteliumStress-activated Protein Kinase α, a Novel Stress-activated Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase-like Kinase, Is Important for the Proper Regulation of the Cytoskeleton

Sun

Firtel

2003

MBoC

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades regulate various cellular functions, including growth, cell differentiation, development, and stress responses. We have identified a new Dictyostelium kinase (stress-activated protein kinase [SAPK]␣), which is related to members of the mixed lineage kinase class of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases. SAPK␣ is activated by osmotic stress, heat shock, and detachment from the substratum and by a membrane-permeable cGMP analog, a known regulator of stress responses in Dictyostelium. SAPK␣ is important for cellular resistance to stresses, because SAPK␣ null cells exhibit reduced viability in response to osmotic stress. We found that SAPK␣ mutants affect cellular processes requiring proper regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, including cell motility, morphogenesis, cytokinesis, and cell adhesion. Overexpression of SAPK␣ results in highly elevated basal and chemoattractant-stimulated F-actin levels and strong aggregation and developmental defects, including a failure to polarize and chemotax, and abnormal morphogenesis. These phenotypes require a kinase-active SAPK␣. SAPK␣ null cells exhibit reduced chemoattractant-stimulated F-actin levels, cytokinesis, developmental and adhesion defects, and a motility defect that is less severe than that exhibited by SAPK␣-overexpressing cells. SAPK␣ colocalizes with F-actin in F-actin-enriched structures, including membrane ruffles and pseudopodia during chemotaxis. Although SAPK␣ is required for these F-actin-mediated processes, it is not detectably activated in response to chemoattractant stimulation. INTRODUCTIONThe actin cytoskeleton plays a vital role in numerous cellular processes, such as cell locomotion, phagocytosis, cytokinesis, cell adhesion, cell shape changes, and stress responses. During these processes, the actin cytoskeleton is dynamically changed, a process that involves F-actin polymerization and depolymerization and the reorganization of existing filament networks. Mutations of signaling molecules or structural elements involved in these changes affect cellular processes to various extents.Eukaryotic cells are constantly exposed to stress conditions. To survive, cells adopt various mechanisms to adapt to environmental changes. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways regulate cellular responses to external stress in various organisms, including yeast, plants, and mammals (Canman and Kastan, 1996;Jonak et al., 1996;Gustin et al., 1998;Hirt, 2000;Kyriakis and Avruch, 2001;O'Rourke et al., 2002). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the wellcharacterized HOG1 MAPK pathway is activated by osmotic stress and leads to gene expression and glycerol production, which is critical for yeast cells to withstand osmotic stress (Gustin et al., 1998;O'Rourke et al., 2002). In mammalian cells, the c-Jun NH 2 -terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK1) pathway and the p38/SAPK2 MAP kinase pathway are both activated by diverse stimuli including UV, osmotic, and thermal stresses (Canman and Kastan, 1996;Chang and Kari...

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“…5C,D). Analysis of the promoters of cAR1 and PdsA, which are essential for oscillatory cAMP signalling, suggests that this occurred through the insertion of a distal 'early' promoter next to the existing 'late' promoter that directs the post-aggregative expression of these genes (Faure et al, 1990;Louis et al, 1993;Alvarez-Curto et al, 2005).…”

Section: Primer Development 138 (3) Primer Development 138 (3)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary crossroads in developmental biology: Dictyostelium discoideum

Schaap

2011

Development

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SummaryDictyostelium discoideum belongs to a group of multicellular life forms that can also exist for long periods as single cells. This ability to shift between uni-and multicellularity makes the group ideal for studying the genetic changes that occurred at the crossroads between uni-and multicellular life. In this Primer, I discuss the mechanisms that control multicellular development in Dictyostelium discoideum and reconstruct how some of these mechanisms evolved from a stress response in the unicellular ancestor.Key words: Evolution of multicellularity, Social amoeba, Encystation, Sporulation, Dictyostelium IntroductionThe social amoebas, or Dictyostelia, are a group of organisms that become multicellular by aggregation and then proceed to build fruiting bodies that consist of stalk cells and spores (see Glossary, Box 1). This developmental cycle is a response to starvation, and involves both highly coordinated cell movement and a tightly controlled programme of cell differentiation. Social amoebas belong to the supergroup of Amoebozoa (see Glossary, Box 1), a sister group to the clade of Opisthokonts (see Glossary, Box 1), which contains the animals and fungi. All supergroups contain unicellular protist-like organisms (see Glossary, Box 1) and, in several groups, multicellular life forms have evolved independently (Minge et al., 2009).The Amoebozoa supergroup consists mainly of unicellular amoeba-like organisms that have a simple life cycle. The feeding amoeba or trophozoite turns into a dormant cyst when faced with food shortage, drought or other life-threatening circumstances (Cavalier-Smith et al., 2004). Several clades of Amoebozoa have given rise to protostelid-like organisms (see Glossary, Box 1), which form a very simple fruiting body (see Glossary, Box 1) that consists of a single spore that sits on a simple stalk made by the same cell (Shadwick et al., 2009). However, only the Dictyostelia are able to form multicellular fruiting bodies that contain up to a million cells (Fig. 1).There are ~120 known species of Dictyostelia and a molecular phylogeny has been constructed to reveal the order in which they evolved (Schaap et al., 2006). The phylogeny subdivides species into four major groups (Fig. 2), with the model social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum belonging to the most recently diverged group 4. Many species in groups 1-3 can still encyst as single cells when conditions are unfavourable for aggregation. However, group 4 species have lost the ability to encyst. Strikingly, all group 4 species tested secrete cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to act as a chemoattractant for aggregation. This is most unusual, because almost all other organisms only use cAMP inside the cell to transduce the effect of other secreted stimuli, such as hormones, mating factors and neurotransmitters. None of the species in groups 1-3 uses cAMP for aggregation; some use glorin, a modified dipeptide of glutamate and ornithine, whereas others use folic acid, pterin or other as yet unidentified chemoattractants (Schaap e...

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The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase gene of Dictyostelium discoideum contains three promoters specific for growth, aggregation, and late development.

Cited by 70 publications

References 58 publications

Two distinct populations of prestalk cells within the tip of the migratory Dictyostelium slug with differing fates at culmination

Two distinct populations of prestalk cells within the tip of the migratory Dictyostelium slug with differing fates at culmination

DictyosteliumStress-activated Protein Kinase α, a Novel Stress-activated Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase-like Kinase, Is Important for the Proper Regulation of the Cytoskeleton

Evolutionary crossroads in developmental biology: Dictyostelium discoideum

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