The Cycle of Classification: DSM-I Through DSM-5

Abstract

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) was created in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association so that mental health professionals in the United States would have a common language to use when diagnosing individuals with mental disorders. Since the initial publication of the DSM, there have been five subsequent editions of this manual published (including the DSM-III-R). This review discusses the structural changes in the six editions and the research that influenced those changes. Research is classified into three domains: (a) issues related to the DSMs as measurement systems, (b) studies of clinicians and how clinicians form diagnoses, and (c) taxonomic issues involving the philosophy of science and metatheoretical ideas about how classification systems function. The review ends with recommendations about future efforts to revise the DSMs.

Cross-cultural adaptation, factor structure, and evidence of reliability of the Smartphone Addiction Scale in Brazil

“…Furthermore, continued research into these scales and tests is important because the evidence gained in such studies is essential to understanding the nosology of non-established mental conditions. 18 This study has a few limitations. First, the sample consisted primarily of university students.…”

Cross-cultural adaptation, factor structure, and evidence of reliability of the Smartphone Addiction Scale in Brazil

“…Furthermore, continued research into these scales and tests is important because the evidence gained in such studies is essential to understanding the nosology of non-established mental conditions. 18 This study has a few limitations. First, the sample consisted primarily of university students.…”

Aversive Reactivity: A Transdiagnostic Functional Bridge Between Neuroticism and Avoidant Behavioral Coping

“…However, the foundational research trends on which these constructs are based have not reflected the conceptual similarities between constructs and continue to perpetuate isolated research strategies, contributing to an unnecessary overabundance of psychopathological models that hinders transdiagnostic research and clinical development. For example, categorial diagnostic models such as the DSM have produced numerous conceptualizations and models for each distinct diagnostic category, despite findings that several of the most common emotional disorders may simply represent variations of shared underlying mechanisms (Blashfield et al, 2014;Lilienfeld, 2014). Clinically speaking, the existence of many disorder-specific interventions (i.e., singledisorder protocols [SDPs]) places additional burden on clinicians to learn and administer different SDPs, contributing to clinician burnout and preventing patients from receiving care that they need (Kazdin, 2008;Kazdin & Blase, 2016;McHugh & Barlow, 2010).…”

Occupational Evaluation of Federal Highway Police Officers Exposed to Cholinesterase Inhibiting Insecticides

“…46 The DSM is a guide created in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association to establish a homogeneous language among professionals in the field. 47 The fifth edition (DSM-V) of this practical guide was created with the objective of solving some needs such as diagnostic instability, which contributes to more uniform decision. The great differential of the DSM-V was to bring a classification approach that distinguishes the intensity of the researched symptoms, unlike previous guides that only brought the answer options "yes" or "no."…”

“…The DSM is a guide created in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association to establish a homogeneous language among professionals in the field 47 . The fifth edition ( DSM-V ) of this practical guide was created with the objective of solving some needs such as diagnostic instability, which contributes to more uniform decision.…”

Cross-cultural adaptation, factor structure, and evidence of reliability of the Smartphone Addiction Scale in Brazil

“…Furthermore, continued research into these scales and tests is important because the evidence gained in such studies is essential to understanding the nosology of non-established mental conditions. 18 This study has a few limitations. First, the sample consisted primarily of university students.…”

Aversive Reactivity: A Transdiagnostic Functional Bridge Between Neuroticism and Avoidant Behavioral Coping

“…However, the foundational research trends on which these constructs are based have not reflected the conceptual similarities between constructs and continue to perpetuate isolated research strategies, contributing to an unnecessary overabundance of psychopathological models that hinders transdiagnostic research and clinical development. For example, categorial diagnostic models such as the DSM have produced numerous conceptualizations and models for each distinct diagnostic category, despite findings that several of the most common emotional disorders may simply represent variations of shared underlying mechanisms (Blashfield et al, 2014;Lilienfeld, 2014). Clinically speaking, the existence of many disorder-specific interventions (i.e., singledisorder protocols [SDPs]) places additional burden on clinicians to learn and administer different SDPs, contributing to clinician burnout and preventing patients from receiving care that they need (Kazdin, 2008;Kazdin & Blase, 2016;McHugh & Barlow, 2010).…”

Occupational Evaluation of Federal Highway Police Officers Exposed to Cholinesterase Inhibiting Insecticides

“…46 The DSM is a guide created in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association to establish a homogeneous language among professionals in the field. 47 The fifth edition (DSM-V) of this practical guide was created with the objective of solving some needs such as diagnostic instability, which contributes to more uniform decision. The great differential of the DSM-V was to bring a classification approach that distinguishes the intensity of the researched symptoms, unlike previous guides that only brought the answer options "yes" or "no."…”

“…The DSM is a guide created in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association to establish a homogeneous language among professionals in the field 47 . The fifth edition ( DSM-V ) of this practical guide was created with the objective of solving some needs such as diagnostic instability, which contributes to more uniform decision.…”

Cross-cultural adaptation, factor structure, and evidence of reliability of the Smartphone Addiction Scale in Brazil

“…Furthermore, continued research into these scales and tests is important because the evidence gained in such studies is essential to understanding the nosology of non-established mental conditions. 18 This study has a few limitations. First, the sample consisted primarily of university students.…”

Aversive Reactivity: A Transdiagnostic Functional Bridge Between Neuroticism and Avoidant Behavioral Coping

“…However, the foundational research trends on which these constructs are based have not reflected the conceptual similarities between constructs and continue to perpetuate isolated research strategies, contributing to an unnecessary overabundance of psychopathological models that hinders transdiagnostic research and clinical development. For example, categorial diagnostic models such as the DSM have produced numerous conceptualizations and models for each distinct diagnostic category, despite findings that several of the most common emotional disorders may simply represent variations of shared underlying mechanisms (Blashfield et al, 2014;Lilienfeld, 2014). Clinically speaking, the existence of many disorder-specific interventions (i.e., singledisorder protocols [SDPs]) places additional burden on clinicians to learn and administer different SDPs, contributing to clinician burnout and preventing patients from receiving care that they need (Kazdin, 2008;Kazdin & Blase, 2016;McHugh & Barlow, 2010).…”

Occupational Evaluation of Federal Highway Police Officers Exposed to Cholinesterase Inhibiting Insecticides

“…46 The DSM is a guide created in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association to establish a homogeneous language among professionals in the field. 47 The fifth edition (DSM-V) of this practical guide was created with the objective of solving some needs such as diagnostic instability, which contributes to more uniform decision. The great differential of the DSM-V was to bring a classification approach that distinguishes the intensity of the researched symptoms, unlike previous guides that only brought the answer options "yes" or "no."…”

“…The DSM is a guide created in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association to establish a homogeneous language among professionals in the field 47 . The fifth edition ( DSM-V ) of this practical guide was created with the objective of solving some needs such as diagnostic instability, which contributes to more uniform decision.…”