The current understanding and potential therapeutic options to combat COVID-19

Pooladanda, Venkatesh; Thatikonda, Sowjanya; Godugu, Chandraiah

doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117765

Cited by 81 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 183 publications

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“…Traditionally, ginger and ginger volatile oils, curcumin, Panax L. ( Araliaceae ) and garlic are recommended and used to strengthen immunity and reduce the likelihood of inflammatory respiratory diseases [ 2 , 17 , 18 ]. In an in vitro study [ 19 ], Allium sativum L. ( Amaryllidaceae ) extract inhibited influenza A (H 1 N 1 ) virus by inhibiting the synthesis of viral nucleoproteins and polymerase activity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The antioxidant and antiviral properties of plant-derived flavonoids are described in [ 2 , 67 , 68 ]. Quercetin inhibits the penetration of SARS-CoV into host cells and shows antiviral activity against HIV-luc/SARS [ 69 , 70 , 71 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is often considered as an antibacterial agent and has an anti-inflammatory effect [ 146 ]. It was found that vitamin C inhibits lung fibrosis [ 59 , 107 ], has a direct virulent effect at higher concentrations and reduces the viral load on infected cells with Ebstein–Barr virus [ 2 , 147 ]. However, there is still no consensus on the antiviral effectiveness of this vitamin.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there is still no consensus on the antiviral effectiveness of this vitamin. However, it is vitamin C infusion that has already been tested on patients with pneumonia infected with SARS-CoV-2, and numerous clinical studies are continuing with their relevance maintained [ 2 ]. Products rich in vitamin C traditionally include lemons, oranges, kiwis, guavas and grapes, but it is extremely difficult to cultivate them in Siberia and the Far East.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2020, humanity is being forced to return to the unfinished solution of the problem, whose initial conditions will be amended with new criteria. This SARS-CoV-2 virus has affected many people, not only in China but spreading to almost all countries and territories in a short time [ 2 , 3 ]. Many countries (China, the United States, Germany, Great Britain, Russia, etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Medicinal Plants to Strengthen Immunity during a Pandemic

et al. 2020

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The development of new effective anti-coronavirus drugs and therapies is important, but it requires significant human, financial and, most importantly, time expenditures. The current pandemic is neither the first nor the last. Humanity has already accumulated considerable survival experience. We cannot do without prevention and epidemiological protection measures. This study reviews medicinal plants that grow in Northeast Asia and whose antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory characteristics are already known, also in the framework of the prevention and treatment of pneumonia of various etiologies. The need for a comprehensive approach to maintaining immunodefences, including functional foods and positive emotions, is emphasized. In the period of pandemics, it is important to research various areas that allow to us accumulate a critical mass of information and cope with the next global disease.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Medicinal Plants to Strengthen Immunity during a Pandemic

et al. 2020

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Role of toll‐like receptors in modulation of cytokine storm signaling in SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced COVID‐19

Manik

Singh

2021

Journal of Medical Virology

115

124

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Balanced immune regulation is crucial for recognizing an invading pathogen, its killing, and elimination. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the key regulators of the innate immune system. It helps in identifying between self and nonself-molecule and eventually eliminates the nonself. Endosomal TLR, mainly TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and membrane-bound TLR4, has a role in the induction of cytokine storms. TLR7/8 recognizes the ssRNA SARS-COV-2 and when it replicates to dsRNA, it is recognized by TLR3 and drives the TRIF-mediated inflammatory signaling like NF-κB, MAPK.Such signaling leads to significant transcription and translation of pro-inflammatory genes, releasing inflammatory molecules into the systemic circulation, causing an imbalance in the system. So, whenever an imbalance occurs, a surge in the proinflammatory mediators is observed in the blood, including cytokines like interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. IL-6 and IL-1β are one of the driving factors for bringing the cytokine storm into the systemic circulation, which migrates into the other organs, causing multiple organ failures leading to the death of the individual with severe illness.

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Dissecting the Drug Development Strategies Against SARS-CoV-2 Through Diverse Computational Modeling Techniques

Adhikari

Amin

Jha

2020

Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology

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The world of the twenty-first century has not experienced such a lockdown situation before, which leads to a complete shutdown of economy not until the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) came caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It becomes an unacceptable global threat to human lives. The COVID-19 has been known only worldwide in the last few months, but it is spreading in a speed of light from Wuhan, China, to the rest of the world. About 2 crore of people have been infected and more than 7 lakh of people have died worldwide till now due to the deadly SARS-CoV-2 infection. There are still no drugs exclusively available in the market for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection, though supportive treatment of hydroxychloroquine, ribavirin, favipiravir, and remdesivir have shown clinical evidences to treat COVID-19. Therefore, it is utmost importance for the medicinal chemists to design and discover novel drugs urgently to rescue or to protect the humanity worldwide from this deadly virus. However, lack of experimental evidences and understanding the behavior of the SARS-CoV-2 within this short period may hinder the process of drug discovery. Still a ray of hope resides in the structural features of SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) as these are homologous. Therefore, depending on the established viral target proteins (spike protein, ACE-2, 3CL pro , PL pro , RdRp, helicase, as well as other viral proteins), novel chemical entities may be designed. In this context, several computational modeling approaches (generally structure-based modeling techniques) may be utilized which are cost-effective and less time-consuming. Different structure-based modeling techniques, namely, homology modeling, robust molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and structure-based pharmacophore mapping followed by in silico virtual screening, may be effective and fruitful approaches to design compounds against SARS-CoV-2. In this chapter, various structure-based drug design and discovery strategies from target identification that could be optimized against SARS-CoV-2 have been discussed in detail. Additionally, ongoing and previously reported computational modeling techniques performed by different groups of researchers on various SARS-CoV-2 target proteins have been highlighted elaborately. In addition to the identification techniques of drugs, this chapter also discloses their binding mode of action along with the pharmacokinetics and toxicity criteria computed by modeling techniques. This chapter, therefore, may be a stepping-stone for the researchers to open up a new horizon in the discovery of novel anti-coronavirus drugs in the future.

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The current understanding and potential therapeutic options to combat COVID-19

Cited by 81 publications

References 183 publications

Medicinal Plants to Strengthen Immunity during a Pandemic

Medicinal Plants to Strengthen Immunity during a Pandemic

Role of toll‐like receptors in modulation of cytokine storm signaling in SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced COVID‐19

Dissecting the Drug Development Strategies Against SARS-CoV-2 Through Diverse Computational Modeling Techniques

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