The Current Status of Research on Gibberellin Biosynthesis

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>Gibberellins are produced by all vascular plants as well as several fungal and bacterial species that associate with plants as pathogens or symbionts. In the 60 years since the first experiments on the biosynthesis of gibberellic acid in the fungus Fusarium fujikuroi, research on gibberellin biosynthesis has advanced to provide detailed information on the pathways, biosynthetic enzymes and their genes in all three kingdoms, in which the production of the hormones evolved independently. Gibberellins function as hormones in plants, affecting growth and differentiation in organs in which their concentration is very tightly regulated. Current research in plants is focussed particularly on the regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis and inactivation by developmental and environmental cues, and there is now considerable information on the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. There have also been recent advances in understanding gibberellin transport and distribution and their relevance to plant development. This review describes our current understanding of gibberellin metabolism and its regulation, highlighted the more recent advances in this field.</jats:p>

Can nutrient‐utilization efficiency be improved by reduced fertilizer supply to maize plants treated with the plant growth regulator paclobutrazol?

“…Gibberellins (GAs) are the most important hormones for plant extension growth and thus for internode elongation in maize (Sponsel, 1995). GAs in higher plants primarily stimulate organ growth through enhancement of cell elongation and cell division (Hedden, 2020), and they promote certain developmental switches, such as between vegetative and reproductive development by induction of flowering (Evans & Poethig, 1995), and have a large impact on fertility (Hedden & Thomas, 2012). Semi‐dwarf mutants with genetically inherent inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis do exist also for maize (Fujioka et al., 1988; Harberd & Freeling, 1989), yet they are not used in commercial maize production because of negative effects on flower sexuality (Bortiri & Hake, 2007; Irish, 1996; Rood et al., 1980; Xu et al., 2004).…”

Improving Performance of Salt-Grown Crops by Exogenous Application of Plant Growth Regulators

“…Gibberellic acid (GA) is the most common form of gibberellin [ 153 , 154 , 155 ]. The biosynthesis of GA is regulated by both developmental and environmental stimuli [ 156 ]. Salinity stress reduces endogenous GA content, resulting in plant’s hypersensitivity to salt [ 157 , 158 ].…”

Gibberellin and polyamines effects in growth and flowering of New Guinea impatiens

“…Polyamines are polycationic molecules divided into putrescine, spermine and spermidine, which act in various physiological processes such as cell division and elongation, flower formation, leaf senescence delay, fruit ripening and pollen grains (Liu et al, 2015). Gibberellins, on the other hand, are an extensive family of diterpenic acids that perform functions similar to polyamines, however regulation occurs through different biosynthetic routes (Hedden, 2020). These regulators combined with different phenological stages of the plants, perform different functions, according to the volume, concentration, and kind of application used (Harri, 2015).…”