The Current Status of COVID-19 Vaccines

Lundström, Kenneth

doi:10.3389/fgeed.2020.579297

Cited by 29 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…[ 160–162 ] Alongside, several other vaccine candidates for SARS‐CoV‐2 currently in clinical trials consist of ionizable lipids, specifically those based on the RNA platform. [ 163,164 ] Similarly, mRNA‐1893 vaccine from Moderna for the Zika virus is also based on LNP formulation and is currently in Phase 1 clinical trial. The LNP is composed of an ionizable lipid, 1,2‐distearoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol, and PEG‐lipid.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charge‐Conversion Strategies for Nucleic Acid Delivery

Dutta

Das

Medeiros

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

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Nucleic acids are considered as one of the most potent therapeutic modalities, as their roles go beyond storing genetic information and chemical energy or as signal transducers. Attenuation or expression of desired genes through nucleic acids have profound implications in gene therapy, gene editing, and even in vaccine development. Although nucleic acid therapeutics bring in overwhelming possibilities toward the development of molecular medicines, there are significant loopholes in their effective clinical translation. One of the major pitfalls lies in the traditional design concepts of nucleic acid drug carriers, namely, cationic charge induced cytotoxicity. Targeting this bottleneck, several innovative carrier designs have been proposed accommodating charge‐conversion approaches, whereby built‐in functionalities convert from cationic to neutral or anionic, or even from anionic to cationic enabling the carrier to overcome several critical barriers for therapeutics delivery, such as serum deactivation, instability in circulation, low transfection, and poor endosomal escape. This review will critically analyze various molecular designs of charge‐converting nanocarriers in a classified approach for the successful delivery of nucleic acids. Accompanied by the narrative on recent clinical nucleic acid candidates, the review concludes with a discussion on the pitfalls and scope of these emerging approaches.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charge‐Conversion Strategies for Nucleic Acid Delivery

Dutta

Das

Medeiros

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

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“…Inactivated or killed vaccines made from cultured and then chemically inactivated viruses are one path to vaccine production, which can produce native antigenic epitopes (binding to T cell and B cell antibodies) expressed in a stable and conformational manner (Delrue et al, 2012). One approach that is used in the production of vaccines from the killed virus is UV-inactivated conducted on laboratory Biosafety Level 3 (BSL3), which includes the step of expansion, titration, inactivated, and ultracentrifuge the virus (Lundstrom, 2020). Sinopharm and Sinovac are two of the companies working on this form of vaccine, which has been tested in a phase 3 trial and received international approval for use as a COVID-19 vaccine.…”

Section: The Vaccine Inactivated and Subunit Vaccine Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of COVID-19 Vaccines: What Needs to Be Known and Its Expected Effect on the Human Population?

Tuba¹,

Widyati²,

Sulaiman³

2021

Preprint

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The COVID-19 pandemic is a devastating blow to the entire world community and changes the order of human life. All efforts and strategies are being carried out to contain and reduce the spread of the SARS-COV-2 virus, both by tightening the health protocol and using vaccines to the public. Currently, several vaccines are available and have passed phase 3 clinical trials, such as vector vaccines (Gamaleya Sputnik V Russia, University of Oxford/AstraZeneca, CanSino, and Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies), mRNA-based vaccines (Moderna/BioNTech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer), inactivated vaccines (SinoVac and SinoPharm from China, Covaxin from Bharat Biotech India), and adjuvanted recombinant protein nanoparticles (Novavax from the USA) are expected to be able to suppress the spread of the virus and produce a minimum of 70 percent herd-immunity in a population. Each vaccine's efficacy varies from the lowest, namely the Sinovac vaccine (CoronaVac) 50% to the highest the Novavax vaccine (NVX-Cov2373) 96% effectivity value. Moreover, further rigorous research is still being carried out for the development of an effective and efficient vaccine.

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“…Naturally, vaccine development against the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing the COVID-19 pandemic has overshadowed any other vaccine initiative [ 159 ]. The impressive number of 155 vaccine candidates in preclinical and 47 candidates in clinical trials are based on inactivated and live attenuated vaccines, protein subunit and peptide vaccines, nucleic acids and viral vectors [ 160 ].…”

Section: Vaccines Against Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Viral Vectors for Vaccine Development with a Special Emphasis on COVID-19

Lundström¹

2020

Viruses

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Viral vectors can generate high levels of recombinant protein expression providing the basis for modern vaccine development. A large number of different viral vector expression systems have been utilized for targeting viral surface proteins and tumor-associated antigens. Immunization studies in preclinical animal models have evaluated the elicited humoral and cellular responses and the possible protection against challenges with lethal doses of infectious pathogens or tumor cells. Several vaccine candidates for both infectious diseases and various cancers have been subjected to a number of clinical trials. Human immunization trials have confirmed safe application of viral vectors, generation of neutralizing antibodies and protection against challenges with lethal doses. A special emphasis is placed on COVID-19 vaccines based on viral vectors. Likewise, the flexibility and advantages of applying viral particles, RNA replicons and DNA replicon vectors of self-replicating RNA viruses for vaccine development are presented.

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The Current Status of COVID-19 Vaccines

Cited by 29 publications

References 128 publications

Charge‐Conversion Strategies for Nucleic Acid Delivery

Charge‐Conversion Strategies for Nucleic Acid Delivery

A Review of COVID-19 Vaccines: What Needs to Be Known and Its Expected Effect on the Human Population?

Application of Viral Vectors for Vaccine Development with a Special Emphasis on COVID-19

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