The Current State of Surrogate Conception in Japan and the Ethical Assessment of Dr. Yahiro Netsu: An Ethical Investigation of Japanese Reproductive Medicine (Surrogacy)

Bound states of water in gelatin discriminated by near-infrared spectroscopy

“…To understand the origin of the crossover behavior at ϕ wt = 15-20 wt % and the relationship between the microscopic information on the water molecules and the macroscopic properties of water, we measured the thermodynamical properties 8,9,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]47) of water. We also measured the freezing properties of water using a differential scanning calorimeter (Shimadzu DSC-60) for gelatin film samples with ϕ wt = 11-86 wt %.…”

“…In particular, it is known that the bound water plays an important role in food preservation, especially in drying technologies for foods. Many experimental works on characterizing the bound water, such as those involving nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), [3][4][5][6][7]19,20) differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 8,9,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] dielectric measurements, [10][11][12][13][14][15]28,29) and infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopies, have been performed. 9,26,[29][30][31] These experimental studies, together with molecular dynamic (MD) simulations [15][16][17][18] for water-containing hydrophilic molecules, have revealed the following three types of water that surrounds protein molecules: strongly bound, weakly bound, and free waters.…”

“…Among those types of water, the weakly bound water has attracted considerable attention, because it is known that the properties of materials that contain water strongly depend on this type of water. 9) Although a number of studies have been performed on the weakly bound water, [9][10][11][12][13][14][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] its freezing property is yet to be clarified.…”