The current situation in penile transplantation; a morphological evaluation

Abstract

Successful penile transplantations have been recently performed. Penile injury can be the result of a variety of causes, including: congenital, circumcision, psychotic disorders or traumatic conditions, such as bomb explosions in combat or gunshot injuries. These may lead to partial or complete loss of penis that creates the need for penile repair. Penile transplantation has emerged as an alternative option in the cases of irreparable situations. A limited number of penile transplantation operations have been performed and, information and experience are still inadequate. In this review, we discuss the current status of penile transplantation and evaluate the anatomical and histological structures that are important for penile transplantation in the light of current literature.