The current epidemiological status of urogenital schistosomiasis among primary school pupils in Katsina State, Nigeria: An imperative for a scale up of water and sanitation initiative and mass administration of medicines with Praziquantel

Atalabi, Tolulope Ebenezer; Adoh, Stephen Dumebi; Eze, Kingsley Marvin

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006636

Cited by 24 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…After collection, parasitological examinations were performed on the same day by laboratory technicians with > 5 years of experience in urine and stool microscopy. S. haematobium eggs were detected in the urine samples via the urine centrifugation methods [13,20]. Specifically, 10 ml of urine in each tube was centrifuged at 1,500 rpm for 5 minutes at room temperature, and the sediments were transferred onto 2-4 glass slides to examine the whole pellet.…”

Section: Urine Sample Collection and Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MDA of praziquantel to at-risk populations has become the cornerstone of schistosomiasis control, especially for school-aged children (SACs), who have the high-est risk of infection [11,12]. So far, most studies on the effects of MDA were focused on reduction rates in the prevalence and intensity of disease [5,[12][13][14][15][16][17] and have not investigated as to what extent the reduction rate changes depending on the baseline value. It therefore is critical to compare changes in the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma infection between high-and low-prevalence areas to determine the adequate frequency of MDA; however, there have been no studies in this regard.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of the Change in the Prevalence and Intensity of Schistosoma haematobium Infection Between High and Low Prevalence Areas of White Nile State, Sudan

et al. 2020

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This study aimed to investigate whether mass drug administration (MDA) intervention has an equivalent effect on reducing the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infection regardless of the baseline values. A repeated cross-sectional survey was performed targeting students of 12 primary schools in Al Jabalain and El Salam districts of White Nile State, Sudan, at both 1 week before and 8 months after the MDA. Prior to the baseline survey, school-aged children in Al Jabalain had received MDA interventions twice in 4 years, while those in El Salam had not. The baseline prevalence was 9.1% in Al Jabalain and 35.2% in El Salam, which were reduced to 1.8% and 5.5% at 8 months after the MDA, respectively. The corresponding reduction rates were 80.3% and 84.4%, not significant difference between both districts. However, changes in the geometric mean intensity (GMI) of egg counts were significantly different between both districts. The baseline GMIs were 14.5 eggs per 10 ml of urine (EP10) in Al Jabalain and 18.5 EP10 in El Salam, which were reduced to 7.1 and 11.2 EP10 after treatment, respectively. The corresponding reduction rates were 51.0% and 39.5%. In conclusion, MDA interventions were found to bring about similar relative reduction in prevalence regardless of the baseline value; however, the relative reduction in infection intensity was more salient in the district with a low baseline value for both prevalence and intensity. This clearly points to the importance of repeated MDA interventions in endemic areas, which will eventually contribute to schistosomiasis elimination.

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Section: Urine Sample Collection and Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Change in the Prevalence and Intensity of Schistosoma haematobium Infection Between High and Low Prevalence Areas of White Nile State, Sudan

et al. 2020

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“…The former portrays Dutsin-Ma as a hypo-endemic area for urinary schistosomiasis. Previous studies recorded similar findings about the infection prevalence among School-Age Children (Bawa et al, 2016;Atalabi et al, 2018). However, the findings of Bashir et al, (2018) in Dutsin-Ma revealed a prevalence of 48.4% which falls to the meso-endemic category.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Centrifugation was carried out using Centurion Scientific Centrifuge (UK) at 400 revolution per minute for 4 minutes. Compound Binocular Microscope (x10 objective) was used to examine glass slides for the eggs of S. haematobium (Atalabi et. al., 2018).…”

Section: Sample Collection and Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urogenital Schistosomiasis: Prevalence, Mean Intensity, Prospect of Urine Colour Versus Turbidity as Rapid Diagnostic Tools and Age Versus Gender as Risk Factors Among School-Age Children in Katsina State.

Atalabi¹,

Ipinlaye²,

Dan-kishiya³

2020

FJS

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Schistosomiasis is a neglected infectious disease that is endemic in resource-constrained settings. Nigeria has the highest cases of schistosomiasis in sub-Sahara Africa with about 29 million infected. This study was carried out with the aim to identify some risk factors of schistosomiasis and as well assess the efficacy of some urine physical parameters for a rapid screening procedure. Terminal urine samples were collected, analyzed with reagent strips and centrifuged at 400 revolution per minute for 4 minutes. Microscope (x10 objective) was used to examine and count the eggs. Raw data were imported into Epi Info software (version 7.1.2.0) from Microsoft Excel 2010 for analyses. About 357 respondents with a mean age of 9.39±2.06 years were sampled. Overall prevalence and intensity were 10.36% (7.61-13.96) and 322.2 eggs/10ml of urine samples respectively. Males had a higher prevalence [15.42% (10.86-20.97)] and mean intensity [77.5 eggs/10ml] and were 6 times more likely to be infected [COR (95% CI): 6.31 (2.17-25.09)]. Age group 11-15 years recorded higher prevalence (19.39% [12.10-28.61]) and intensity (110.9 eggs/10ml) and was 3 times [COR (95% CI): 3.21 (1.51-6.84)] more likely to be infected. Urine samples with faint yellow colour recorded the highest prevalence of 13.67% (8.43-20.52) and were 4 times [COR (95% CI): 4.33 (1.12-28.39)] more liable to infestation compared to the colourless samples. Age and gender are risk factors with faint yellow colour as the only reliable rapid diagnostic index. Provision of potable water and treatment with Praziquantel should be done urgently.

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“…After collection, parasitological examinations were carried out on the same day by laboratory technicians with more than 5 years of experience in urine and stool microscopy. S. haematobium eggs were detected in the urine samples via the urine sedimentation method, as described elsewhere [17,18]. Briefly, 10 mL of urine in each tube was centrifuged at 1,500 rpm for 5 minutes at room temperature, and the sediments were transferred onto 2-4 glass slides to examine the whole pellet.…”

Section: Urine Sample Collection and Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction patterns of prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infection after MDA with praziquantel between regions with and without previous intervention in Sudan

Cha¹,

Hong²,

Lee³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background: Mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel has been the mainstay for schistosomiasis control in endemic countries. To evaluate the effects of repeated MDA, we compared urogenital schistosomiasis prevalence at two localities in White Nile State, Sudan: Al Jabalain with previous MDA and El Salam without previous MDA. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out to examined the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infection using urine samples from 10,644 primary school-aged children (SAC) of two localities at the baseline survey, and then a single dose of 40 mg/kg praziquantel was mass administered to whole SAC of both localities. Of the total, 3,197 SAC of sentinel schools were examined urine samples at 8 months after the MDA. Results: The overall prevalence of S. haematobium infection was 5.5% in Al Jabalain and 27.5% in El Salam at the baseline survey. In sentinel schools, the prevalences in Al Jabalain and El Salam were significantly reduced after MDA, 80.3% and 84.4% respectively, not significant between two localities. The geometric mean intensity (GMI) of egg counts from the infected children at the baseline survey was 14.5 eggs per 10 mL of urine (EP10) in Al Jabalain and 18.5 EP10 in El Salam. At the follow-up survey, the GMI reduction rate was significantly reduced, 51.0% in Al Jabalain and 39.5% in El Salam, however the infection intensity after MDA was reduced significantly less in SAC who had higher baseline prevalence and infection intensity. The overall intensity of infection was significantly reduced after MDA in girls, but not in boys. Conclusions: Single MDA produces a similar prevalence reduction regardless of endemicity but less reduction of infection intensity in highly endemic populations. It is necessary to implement repeated MDAs to eliminate urogenital schistosomiasis in endemic regions..

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The current epidemiological status of urogenital schistosomiasis among primary school pupils in Katsina State, Nigeria: An imperative for a scale up of water and sanitation initiative and mass administration of medicines with Praziquantel

Cited by 24 publications

References 20 publications

Comparison of the Change in the Prevalence and Intensity of Schistosoma haematobium Infection Between High and Low Prevalence Areas of White Nile State, Sudan

Comparison of the Change in the Prevalence and Intensity of Schistosoma haematobium Infection Between High and Low Prevalence Areas of White Nile State, Sudan

Urogenital Schistosomiasis: Prevalence, Mean Intensity, Prospect of Urine Colour Versus Turbidity as Rapid Diagnostic Tools and Age Versus Gender as Risk Factors Among School-Age Children in Katsina State.

Reduction patterns of prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infection after MDA with praziquantel between regions with and without previous intervention in Sudan

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