The cumulative effect of different childhood trauma types on self-reported symptoms of adult male depression and PTSD, substance abuse and health-related quality of life in a large active-duty military cohort

Influence of Multiple Traumatic Event Types on Mental Health Outcomes: Does Count Matter?

“…Consistent with prior research, participants in the current study reported increased PTSD severity (Briere et al 2016;Jakob et al 2017;Sullivan et al 2017;Karam et al 2014), depression severity (Agorastos et al 2014;Mollica et al 1998;Stein et al 2016;Suliman et al 2009), and distress tolerance difficulties (excluding emotional tolerance) (Simons and Gaher 2005;Leyro et al 2010;Fetzner et al 2014) with increasing count of lifetime PTE types. A non-significant relationship between greater PTEs and emotional tolerance abilities may have been impacted by participants' current support in tolerating emotional experiences via mental health care services.…”

“…Experiencing multiple lifetime PTEs also heightens risk for increased depression severity (Agorastos et al 2014;Mollica et al 1998;Stein et al 2016). A study of South African 14-18-year-olds found that depression severity increased with greater number of PTEs (Suliman et al 2009).…”

Trait anxiety mediates the effect of stress exposure on post-traumatic stress disorder and depression risk in cardiac surgery patients

“…During childhood, the neuronal system is particularly susceptible to environmental inputs, which can lead to functional and epigenetic modifications (Agorastos et al, 2014). Moreover, it affects fear response circuits and leads to long-lasting alteration in psychophysiological reactivity (Horovitz et al, 2012).…”

PTSD symptom severity and sensitivity to blood, injury, and mutilation in U.S. army special operations soldiers

“…Military rank, which varies as a function of age, education, and time in service, has demonstrated a negative association with post-deployment PTSD, with risk being highest among lower-ranking enlisted soldiers (Xue et al, 2015). Other predisposing factors, such as history of trauma exposure and adversity (Agorastos et al, 2014;Xue et al, 2015) and personality characteristics (e.g., neuroticism) (Berntsen et al, 2012;Koffel et al, 2016), have also been found to influence the risk and trajectory of postdeployment PTSD symptoms in military personnel. SBIM may also play an important role in risk for PTSD symptoms, given that traumatic events typically involve exposure to fear-relevant stimuli, such as actual or threatened bodily harm to oneself or others, and possibly exposure to blood and other mutilation-related stimuli.…”