The Cultural Heritage of Tattooing: A Brief History

Krutak, Lars

doi:10.1159/000369174

Cited by 32 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…1223/2009 for cosmetic products, 24 but tattoo inks are no rinse‐off products. For assessments of any violation of legal requirements, only samples 1‐56 and pigments, which were detected by both MS and MS, 2 were considered. There were 34 tested inks (61%) containing pigments that may cause skin sensitization and other adverse effects.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, three of the pigments cannot be detected with MALDI-TOF-MS (marked as † in Table S4): Carbon were declared. Other pigments were detected only with either MS or MS 2 and not included in the statistical analysis (below).…”

Section: Identification Of the Pigments In Tattoo Inksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tattooing is done by injecting colored inks under/into the dermis layer of the skin to leave a permanent design. The inks consist of pigments and auxiliary compounds, such as solvents, binders, and pH regulators 1‐3 . Tattoo art has been an increasing fashion phenomenon globally, and already involves 12% of Europeans and up to 30% of United States' citizens, in particular in young generations 3‐6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The inks consist of pigments and auxiliary compounds, such as solvents, binders, and pH regulators. [1][2][3] Tattoo art has been an increasing fashion phenomenon globally, and already involves 12% of Europeans and up to 30% of United States' citizens, in particular in young generations. [3][4][5][6] In parallel, tattoo removal is becoming more frequent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analytical survey of tattoo inks—A chemical and legal perspective with focus on sensitizing substances

et al. 2021

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Background Tattoo inks have been reported to elicit allergic contact dermatitis. Objectives To investigate the labels and the contents of metals and pigments in tattoo inks, considering restrictions within the European Union. Methods Seventy‐three tattoo inks currently available on the market, either bought or donated (already used), were investigated for trace metals and pigments by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight tandem mass spectrometry. Results Ninety‐three percent of the bought tattoo inks violated European, legal requirements on labeling. Fifty percent of the tattoo inks declared at least one pigment ingredient incorrectly. Sixty‐one percent of the inks contained pigments of concern, especially red inks. Iron, aluminium, titanium, and copper (most in green/blue inks) were the main metals detected in the inks. The level of metal impurities exceeded current restriction limits in only a few cases. Total chromium (0.35‐139 μg/g) and nickel (0.1‐41 μg/g) were found in almost all samples. The levels of iron, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, zinc, lead, and arsenic were found to covary significantly. Conclusions To prevent contact allergy and toxic reactions among users it is important for tattoo ink manufacturers to follow the regulations and decrease nickel and chromium impurities.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Identification Of the Pigments In Tattoo Inksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analytical survey of tattoo inks—A chemical and legal perspective with focus on sensitizing substances

et al. 2021

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“…In ancient times, tattoos were used for therapeutic purposes and as a system of knowledge transmission. [3,9,12] Although religions such as Christianity and Judaism have historically taken an unfavourable view of tattoos, the latter continues to play a deep religious and cultural role in some societies as totems of devotion, power, magical abilities as well as providing identity and guidance in the afterlife. [13] During recent years, motivations include personal symbolism, expression of shared values within a subculture, quest for individuality, enhancing attractiveness, rebellion, fashion, using the body as a canvas for art, peer pressure and impulsive tattooing under the influence of alcohol and drugs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tattoos: A summary knowledge for the practising clinician

2018

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Tattoos are not a symptom of a mental disturbance. Most of the tattooed have simple motives and explanations: 'because I like it', 'because I'm a tomboy', 'to remember'. They do not accept the interpretations that the researchers describe and impose. Actually, the act of tattooing is more sacred to the subjected than the tattoo itself. (Kazandjieva and Tsankov [1]) Tattoos are becoming increasingly common in all demographic groups globally and consequently so are clinician encounters with tattooed individuals. Tattoos have the potential to have an impact on clinicianpatient interaction, ultimately affecting clinical decision-making and patient outcomes. Tattoos may affect the clinician's first impression of the patient, their physical and psychological assessment, and thus their management of that patient. [2] Furthermore, tattoos and their complications are often the primary reason for seeking medical help. Considering the high prevalence of tattoos, many clinicians do not have sufficient knowledge of tattoos and tattooing to make informed clinical decisions. In this brief review, we provide practising clinicians with basic knowledge regarding tattoos to enable them to forge more functional clinician-patient relationships and to guide them in their daily practice. What is a tattoo? A tattoo refers to implantation of an exogenous pigment into the skin or mucous membranes. Types of tattoos Tattoos can be accidental or deliberate, permanent or temporary, professional or amateur, cosmetic, decorative or medical. Accidental tattoos are also referred to as traumatic tattoos, and result from inoculation into a wound of substances such as asphalt, amalgam, graphite, ink or gun powder. Permanent tattoos involve a colourfast pigment implanted below the dermo-epidermal junction and retained by macrophages and fibroblasts in the dermis. Temporary tattoos resemble a permanent tattoo, but are painted or airbrushed or are a decal on the surface of the skin and usually last for a few days. Professional tattoos are created by trained individuals at a tattoo parlour, usually with a tattoo machine. The pigment is mostly evenly dispersed in the dermis. Amateur tattoos are often applied at home, using only a needle and one colour ink. Ink deposition tends to be more superficial and variable. Cosmetic tattoos involve the use of pigment to enhance the appearance of body parts, resemble make-up or mask deformities. These include permanent make-up, tattoos over surgical scars and nipple tattoos after a mastectomy. Medical tattoos are used to treat a medical condition, communicate medical information, or mark a body location for medical procedures or future review. Invisible tattoos are also called UV or black-light tattoos and are made with dyes that fluoresce and glow visibly under ultraviolet light. History, evolution and epidemiology of tattoos Tattoos are as old as recorded human history, dating back >5 000 years. Ötzi the Iceman, whose 5 300-year-old freeze-dried body was discovered in the Tyrolean Alps in 1991, was tattooed over h...

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Tattoo Inks for Optical Biosensing in Interstitial Fluid

Pazos

Elani

et al. 2021

Adv Healthcare Materials

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The persistence of traditional tattoo inks presents an advantage for continuous and long‐term health monitoring in point of care devices. The replacement of tattoo pigments with optical biosensors aims a promising alternative for monitoring blood biomarkers. Tattoo inks functionalization enables the control of interstitial biomarkers with correlated concentrations in plasma, to diagnose diseases, evaluate progression, and prevent complications associated with physio pathological disorders or medication mismatches. The specific biomarkers in interstitial fluid provide a new source of information, especially for skin diseases. The study of tattoo inks displays insufficient regulation in their composition, a lack of reports of the related complications, and a need for further studies on their degradation kinetics. This review focuses on tattoo optical biosensors for monitoring dermal interstitial biomarkers and discusses the clinical advantages and main challenges for in vivo implantation. Tattoo functionalization provides a minimally invasive, reversible, biocompatible, real‐time sensing with long‐term permanence and multiplexing capabilities for the control, diagnosis, and prevention of illness; it enables self‐controlling management by the patient, but also the possibility of sending the records to the doctor.

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The Cultural Heritage of Tattooing: A Brief History

Cited by 32 publications

References 9 publications

Analytical survey of tattoo inks—A chemical and legal perspective with focus on sensitizing substances

Analytical survey of tattoo inks—A chemical and legal perspective with focus on sensitizing substances

Tattoos: A summary knowledge for the practising clinician

Tattoo Inks for Optical Biosensing in Interstitial Fluid

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