The Cultivation of Kappaphycus and Eucheuma in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Waters

Hayashi, Leila; Reis, Renata Perpetuo; Santos, Alex Alves dos; Castelar, Beatriz; Robledo, Daniel; Vega, Gloria Batista de; Msuya, Flower E.; Eswaran, K.; Yasir, Suhaimi Md; Ali, Majid Khan Majahar; Hurtado, Anicia Q.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-63498-2_4

Cited by 47 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…2012; Hayashi et al. 2017) and thus has not achieved conservation goals of being a sustainable alternative livelihood. However, measures, such as moving farms to sandy areas in deeper water and establishing farms in countries in which carrageenophytes are native, may mitigate the impacts of this livelihood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4) is also cause for caution and highlights the need for recently developed and evolving quarantine procedures (Sulu et al 2004;Cottier-Cook et al 2016). Thus far, seaweed farming has not been shown to reduce destructive fishing pressure (Sievanen et al 2005;Pickering 2006;Hill et al 2012;Hayashi et al 2017) and thus has not achieved conservation goals of being a sustainable alternative livelihood. However, measures, such as moving farms to sandy areas in deeper water and establishing farms in countries in which carrageenophytes are native, may mitigate the impacts of this livelihood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Green turtles (Chelonia mydas) will readily consume cultivated seaweeds (Russell & Balazs 2015), which can create potential conflicts between turtles and seaweed farmers (Teitelbaum 2003;Vanar 2014). Efforts to reduce grazing on experimentally cultivated seaweed in the Marshall Islands had an adverse impact on sharks (Hayashi et al 2017), but the nature of this adverse impact was not specified. Complaints of sting ray "stings" by seaweed farmers (Msuya 2012) suggest seaweed farming does not exclude these potentially destructive bioturbators (Orth 1975) from seagrass beds, and shading may generally render seagrasses more vulnerable to bioturbation by nonexcluded organisms (Kneer et al 2013).…”

Section: Impacts On Megafaunamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental impacts and implications of tropical carrageenophyte seaweed farming

Kelly

Cannon

Smith

2020

Conservation Biology

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Field‐based cultivation of Kappaphycus and Eucheuma seaweeds is widespread across the tropics and is largely done to extract the polysaccharide carrageenan, which is used in commercial applications. Although such seaweed farming has been cited as a sustainable alternative livelihood to destructive fishing, there has not been a comprehensive review of its environmental impacts to assess its potential conservation benefit. We reviewed the peer‐reviewed and industry gray literature to determine what is known about seaweed farming techniques and their impacts on local ecosystems, organisms, and ecosystem services. We identified 43 tropical or subtropical countries that are currently cultivating or have cultivated carrageenophytes. Ecosystem impacts of seaweed farming were measured directly in 33 publications with variable results. Placement of seaweed farms above seagrass beds led to reduced productivity and shoot density in 5 studies and reduced or altered meiofaunal abundance and diversity in 6 studies. On coral reefs, overgrowth of corals by farmed seaweed species was documented in 8 cases. Two studies showed changes to herbivorous fish communities in adjacent areas because seaweed farms changed the environment, whereas in 2 studies measures of overall abundance or diversity did not change. The impacts of seaweed farming may not be as destructive as some other human activities, but they should still be considered when establishing new farms or managing existing farm sites. Our findings are consistent with suggestions to mitigate impact on local ecosystems by shifting seaweed farms to deeper, sandy‐bottom areas. However, some of these changes may adversely affect farmers and associated communities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Impacts On Megafaunamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental impacts and implications of tropical carrageenophyte seaweed farming

Kelly

Cannon

Smith

2020

Conservation Biology

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“…This outbreak has since continued and has led to a significant decline in several formerly productive areas in North Sulawesi, North Moluccas, South and East Kalimantan, West Papua and Gorontalo between 2011 and 2015 (Fitrian 2015; Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) 2017a). In addition to direct loss resulting from disease, the widespread practice of repetitive vegetative propagation has had an impact on seedling vigour, resulting in reduced crop quality, quantity and ability to resist diseases (Dawes et al 1993;Halling et al 2013;Yong et al 2014;Hayashi et al 2017;Reddy et al 2017;Hurtado et al 2019).…”

Section: And New Regulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The introduction of new species to combat the loss of vigour and the transportation of live seedlings or seed stock is often practiced to support the development of seaweed aquaculture (Bindu and Levine 2011;Valderrama et al 2015;Hayashi et al 2017;Hwang et al 2018;Hurtado et al 2019). However, these practices are well documented as major pathways for introducing and facilitating the spread of diseases and pests in seaweed aquaculture worldwide (Sulu et al 2004;Largo et al 2017;Loureiro et al 2017;Badis et al 2019;Ward et al 2019).…”

Section: And New Regulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of the current status and future of biosecurity frameworks for the Indonesian seaweed industry

et al. 2020

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Indonesia is the world largest producer of the red seaweeds Kappaphycus and Eucheuma; however, this country is facing significant challenges such as disease outbreaks, epiphyte infestations and a loss in seedling quality. Biosecurity practices have been widely adopted in other aquaculture sectors and when enforced can help to limit the introduction and spread of diseases and pests. To assess current capacity for biosecurity in seaweed aquaculture in Indonesia, a systematic analysis of policy frameworks including legislation, regulatory tools, and national standards was conducted. Biosecurity themes and risks were used to evaluate current national biosecurity content. The results identified major challenges faced by the industry in order to implement biosecurity policies in practice. Barriers to implementation included unspecific reference to the seaweed aquaculture sector, limited variety of approaches to biosecurity, limited use of up-to-date scientific evidence, insufficient guidance for the use of precaution and insufficient inclusion of specific biosecurity hazards. In general, although national regulations are currently under revision, current policies indicate a lack of clarity where biosecurity is included. Six recommendations are suggested to incorporate proactive biosecurity actions into current frameworks, with the aim of improving the health and sustainability of the seaweed aquaculture sector in Indonesia.

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Non‐native marine species risk screening and vector analysis to inform conservation management in the southern Caribbean

Tidbury

Copp

Davison

et al. 2021

Aquatic Conservation

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1. Marine protected areas of the Caribbean islands are at high risk of non-native species (NNS) introductions and impacts that may threaten conservation goals. To inform conservation management of these protected areas, the present study identified potentially-invasive NNS as well as introduction vectors and pathways for the southern Caribbean islands of Grenada, and St Vincent and the Grenadines.2. The activities associated with the introduction vectors and pathways relevant to priority NNS were assessed to highlight locations within the risk assessment area at elevated risk of NNS introduction and spread.3. The preliminary NNS list comprised 223 species of which 10 were screened using the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit, which generated scores indicating moderate-to-high risk (18-51) of being invasive in the risk assessment area, based on generalized global threshold scores. The ports of Kingston (St Vincent) and St George's (Grenada) were associated with the greatest shipping and boating activity, indicating elevated risk of NNS introductions by way of these vectors.Coastal areas in the south of the risk assessment area were associated with highest risk of introduction of NNS by natural dispersal.4. The evidence presented in this study provides a strong basis upon which to develop and implement risk-based biosecurity and monitoring programmes to protect and conserve this region's marine protected areas.

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The Cultivation of Kappaphycus and Eucheuma in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Waters

Cited by 47 publications

References 44 publications

Environmental impacts and implications of tropical carrageenophyte seaweed farming

Environmental impacts and implications of tropical carrageenophyte seaweed farming

An analysis of the current status and future of biosecurity frameworks for the Indonesian seaweed industry

Non‐native marine species risk screening and vector analysis to inform conservation management in the southern Caribbean

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