The cryoloop: an adaptable reversible cooling deactivation method for behavioral or electrophysiological assessment of neural function

Lomber, Stephen G.; Payne, Bertram R.; Horel, James A.

doi:10.1016/s0165-0270(98)00165-4

Cited by 212 publications

(250 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Cryoloops were fabricated by shaping 23-gauge (0.635 mm, outside diameter) stainless steel hypodermic tubing to conform to a designated cortical area. In two of the animals in the deaf group and two of the animals in the hearing group, we bilaterally placed cooling loops in the AES as we have previously done and extensively described (42). Therefore, both the dorsal and ventral banks of the AES sulcus were deactivated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4, this procedure prevented the spread of cooling into the AEV. This approach has been successful in selectively deactivating the posterior but not the anterior bank of the posterior ectosylvian sulcus (11,42,43). For implantation, cryoloops were secured to the skull by using stainless steel skull screws and dental acrylic.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The order of sessions was counterbalanced between areas (loops), functional states (active vs. deactivated), and hemispheres. Confirmation of cryoloop efficacy and position has been detailed previously (42,43).…”

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confidence: 98%

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Crossmodal reorganization in the early deaf switches sensory, but not behavioral roles of auditory cortex

Meredith

Kryklywy²,

McMillan³

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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126

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It is well known that early disruption of sensory input from one modality can induce crossmodal reorganization of a deprived cortical area, resulting in compensatory abilities in the remaining senses. Compensatory effects, however, occur in selected cortical regions and it is not known whether such compensatory phenomena have any relation to the original function of the reorganized area. In the cortex of hearing cats, the auditory field of the anterior ectosylvian sulcus (FAES) is largely responsive to acoustic stimulation and its unilateral deactivation results in profound contralateral acoustic orienting deficits. Given these functional and behavioral roles, the FAES was studied in early-deafened cats to examine its crossmodal sensory properties as well as to assess the behavioral role of that reorganization. Recordings in the FAES of early-deafened adults revealed robust responses to visual stimulation as well as receptive fields that collectively represented the contralateral visual field. A second group of early-deafened cats was trained to localize visual targets in a perimetry array. In these animals, cooling loops were surgically placed on the FAES to reversibly deactivate the region, which resulted in substantial contralateral visual orienting deficits. These results demonstrate that crossmodal plasticity can substitute one sensory modality for another while maintaining the functional repertoire of the reorganized region.vision | single-unit electrophysiology | orienting behavior | cooling deactivation A remarkable property of the brain is its capacity to respond to change. This neuroplastic process endows the nervous system with the ability to adjust itself to the loss of an entire set of sensory inputs or even two (1). Under these conditions, it is clearly adaptive for inputs from an intact modality to substitute for those that have been lost, such as auditory navigation in the blind. Crossmodal plasticity can also enhance perceptual performance within the remaining sensory modalities. Numerous reports document improvement over sighted subjects in auditory and somatosensory tasks in blind individuals (2-7), as well as enhanced performance in visual and tactile behaviors in the deaf (8-11). However, with the accumulation of studies examining such compensatory effects following early sensory loss, it is becoming evident that not all features of the replacement sensory modalities are equally represented. For example, early-deaf subjects exhibit supranormal abilities for visual localization (10) and visual motion detection (11, 12), but not visual brightness discrimination (13), contrast sensitivity (14), visual shape detection (15), grating acuity, vernier acuity, orientation discrimination, motion direction, or velocity discrimination (11). Thus, rather than a generalized overall improvement, it seems that only specific features of the replacement modality are affected by crossmodal plasticity.Crossmodal plasticity itself does not appear to be a uniformly distributed effect. Although it seems plausible ...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crossmodal reorganization in the early deaf switches sensory, but not behavioral roles of auditory cortex

Meredith

Kryklywy²,

McMillan³

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

126

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“…In case of VSD imaging, the cortex was first stained with a commercially available blue dye (RH 1838, Optical Imaging Inc) and then covered with silicon oil. Over the right hemisphere, a surface cryoloop (Lomber et al, 1999) was placed and covered with clear agar ( Figure 1A). We refer to this right to be deactivated hemisphere as the contralateral one in the following.…”

Section: Surgical Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective interhemispheric circuits account for a cardinal bias in spontaneous activity within early visual areas

et al. 2017

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Selective interhemispheric circuits account for a cardinal bias in spontaneous activity within early visual areas, NeuroImage, http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.neuroimage.2016.09.048 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. We conclude that structured spontaneous maps are primarily generated by thalamo-and/or intracortical connectivity. However, selective long-range connections through the corpus callosum -in perpetuation of the long-range intracortical network -contribute to a cardinal bias, possibly, because they are stronger or more frequent between neurons preferring horizontal and/or cardinal contours. As those contours are easier perceived and appear more frequently in natural environment, long-range connections might provide visual cortex with a grid for probabilistic grouping operations in a larger visual scene.

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“…Attached to the union of each loop was a microthermocouple. Collicular cryoloops were implanted with standard procedures (13)(14)(15). The insulated shafts of the cryoloops were in contact intracranially with the bony tentorium and exited the cranial vault posteriorly.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning to see the trees before the forest: Reversible deactivation of the superior colliculus during learning of local and global visual features

Lomber

2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Previous studies have established that deactivation of the superior colliculus severely retards the normally rapid learning of pattern discriminations in the mature cat. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the midbrain plays an important role in the learning of simple pattern discriminations and that the contribution of this pathway is to the perception of global, rather than local, features of a figure. To answer this question, pattern discrimination learning was studied in three intact cats and in three experimental cats during bilateral reversible deactivation of the superficial layers of the superior colliculus (SC). The animals concurrently learned to discriminate three pairs of compound visual patterns composed of small (local element) Ts or 7s. Congruent and incongruent stimulus pairs were large (global) Ts vs. 7s comprising the same or different local elements, respectively. The random stimulus pair consisted of randomly scattered local elements (Ts vs. 7s). The animals were trained to respond to the large Ts in the congruent and incongruent pairs and the small Ts in the random pair. In the normal cats, learning of the random pair was much slower than the learning of the congruent and incongruent pairs. This finding demonstrated the theory of global precedence, because the animals learned the global features of the congruent and incongruent pairs much more quickly than the local features of the random pair. In contrast, during bilateral deactivation of the superficial layers of the SC, the learning of the incongruent pair was significantly retarded and took longer to learn than the random pair. Congruent and random pair learning rates were unchanged. The specific deficit in learning the incongruent pair indicates that the learning of global, but not local, elements of the visual pattern is impaired during deactivation of the SC. The unimpaired use of local features permitted the animals to learn the congruent and random pairs at normal rates. Therefore, deactivation of the superficial layers of the SC during pattern discrimination learning reverses the precedence for global visual features that is typical of normal learning. concurrent learning ͉ global precedence ͉ feature detection ͉ form discrimination ͉ cat

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The cryoloop: an adaptable reversible cooling deactivation method for behavioral or electrophysiological assessment of neural function

Cited by 212 publications

References 46 publications

Crossmodal reorganization in the early deaf switches sensory, but not behavioral roles of auditory cortex

Crossmodal reorganization in the early deaf switches sensory, but not behavioral roles of auditory cortex

Selective interhemispheric circuits account for a cardinal bias in spontaneous activity within early visual areas

Learning to see the trees before the forest: Reversible deactivation of the superior colliculus during learning of local and global visual features

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