The crying of newly born babies

Aldrich, C. Anderson; Sung, Chieh; Knop, Catharine; Stevens, Geraldine; Burchell, Margaret

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(45)80153-1

Cited by 34 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Few people question the quality of care provided in a nursery where, for the convenience of hospital staff and also for recuperating mothers, a rigid schedule of mother-infant contact is maintained in total disregard of the distress signals emitted by the infants. However, if the average adult patient in a hospital ward found it necessary to ring the service bell for two hours a day to obtain a response from the nursing staff, no doubt the quality of the care provided would be seriously questioned (Aldrich, Sung, & Knop, 1945). Thus infant crying and other attachment behaviours have been typically labeled "dependent" behaviours and cast in a perjorative light by researchers who are primarily of learning theory persuasions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant crying and communication

Murray

1975

Australian Psychologist

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Apart from the most characteristic of baby sounds, the cry, a number of other sounds have been described by Peter Ostwald (1 963) during the first 24 hours of life. These include the burp, the vomit'sound, the gulp, the sneeze, the cough, the hiccup, the gurgle, squeaks, the lip-puckering sound, and flatulence. Within the first year this list can be elaborated to include the raspberry, laughter, banging, humming, lalling, and babbling. Although many of these non-linquistic sounds may serve a communicative function, this discussion will be restricted to the infant cry as a communicatory signal and how it relates to the child's later cognitive and emotional development.The framework of this discussion is that of attachment theory as most extensively elaborated by John Bowlby (1969) and Mary Ainsworth (1967). Crying is considered by these investigators to be an attachment behaviour along with other behaviours such as smiling and following in that these behaviours promote proximity to or contact with the caretaker, usually the mother.' Within an ethological framework, attachment behaviours are believed to have originally evolved in humans to perform a protective function by bringing the infant into close proximity with his mother who could then defend him against predators and other dangers. Although such close proximity between mother and infant is not necessary to ensure protection in our present society, Bowlby and Ainsworth argue that babies are nevertheless genetically programmed to cry when out of contact or distressed and that their behaviour is adapted to the prototype of a responsive mother. Especially before the infant is physically mobile, his only means of achieving proximity is through signalling behaviours such as crying and smiling. Crying is considered a distal cue since its effectiveness in stimulating caretaking behaviour does not depend on the relatively close proximity required for the effectiveness of more proximal cues such as smiling, facial expressions, and bodily gestures. FUNCTIONS OF CRYlNGSince crying unlike smiling, is not a gratifying behaviour to adults, much controversy has been aroused in the past over its control and I . Paper presented at the Australian Conference on Cognitive Developnient. Canberra, February. 197s. 2. Apart from its use to describe the samples of the studies reviewed, the tern? "mother" is used throughout this paper for convenience and is nor intended to imply the biological mother but rather the in fant's primary caretaker whether the biological mother. father, or other mother-substitute.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant crying and communication

Murray

1975

Australian Psychologist

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“…Bakwin (1949) reported a substantial fall in mortality on a hospital infants' ward following the institution of 'mothering', Rosenthal (1952) has shown a lack of physical contact to be associated with infantile eczema, and Sosa et al (1976) found that babies having delayed post-partum skin-to-skin contact with their mothers suffered more episodes of infection. Superior weight gain, neurological development and mental functioning in systematically stroked and massaged premature babies (Rice, 1975) and a reciprocal relationship between nursing care and new-born infants' crying (Aldrich, Sung and Knop, 1945) have also been reported.…”

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confidence: 94%

Physical contact experience and coping ability: A study of survivors of myocardial infarction

Cochrane

2001

British J Health Psychol

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OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the hypothesis that interpersonal physical contact experience contributes importantly to the capacity to cope with stress. DESIGN: Participants with differing physical contact experience were compared in respect of their coping with a standard adverse life event. METHOD: A total of 137 survivors of a first myocardial infarction was assessed for their physical contact experience and/or their coping when admitted to hospital, at discharge and then 3 months later. Also, at 6 months post-infarct and 6 months post-discharge respectively, data relevant to their coping were collected from hospitals and general practitioners. RESULTS: The participants with satisfactory and unsatisfactory physical contact experience did not differ on measures of stress and general coping. However, those with satisfactory experience emerged as having adjusted significantly better psychologically than those with negative experience in childhood and the present combined. Yet, the 'satisfactory' participants also spent a significant 5 days longer in hospital and increased their GP usage more than twice as much as their 'unsatisfactory' counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Each kind of physical contact experience may be linked with a different aspect of coping ability, satisfactory experience with psychological adjustment, and unsatisfactory experience with physical resilience.

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“…Information on both infant and context has been obtained from video recordings and direct behavioural observations in the home (e.g., Aldrich, Sung, & Knop, 1945;Bell & Ainsworth, 1972;Wolff, 1969). In our studies using direct observation, we code-recorded babies' states, including crying and the mothers' behaviours, every 10 seconds throughout a 7hour day (Acebo & Thoman, 1992Thoman, Acebo, & Becker, 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Audio recording of infant crying: Comparison with maternal cry logs

Salisbury

Minard

Hunsley

et al. 2001

International Journal of Behavioral Development

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This study investigated the accuracy of mothers' reports of their babies' crying. The crying of babies, 5-16 weeks old, was recorded by means of a wire-less, miniature microphone contained within a terry cloth belt worn by the baby. Crying was transmitted to a voice-activated recorder with a range of 500 feet. Thirteen 24-hour recordings were obtained from seven infants while, at the same time, the mothers kept a Cry Log of their baby's crying. The number of minutes of crying and the number of bouts of crying obtained from the two procedures were highly correlated, although the amount of crying reported by the mothers was less than that obtained from the recorder. The mothers reported fewer bouts of crying. The results suggest that maternal cry reports are valuable for obtaining relative amounts of crying of infants within a group, as well as information on mothers' perceptions of their infants' crying, whereas audio recordings offer a more precise method for obtaining the amount and temporal patterning of infant crying.

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The crying of newly born babies

Cited by 34 publications

References 1 publication

Infant crying and communication

Infant crying and communication

Physical contact experience and coping ability: A study of survivors of myocardial infarction

Audio recording of infant crying: Comparison with maternal cry logs

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