The cruciferous Diplotaxis simplex: Phytochemistry analysis and its protective effect on liver and kidney toxicities, and lipid profile disorders in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Abstract

BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus is a prevalent systemic disease affecting an important proportion of the population worldwide. It has been suggested that excessive reactive oxygen species generation and therefore development of an oxidative stress status is a key factor leading to diabetic complications. Accordingly, it seems that medicinal plants can offer a wide range of new antidiabetic drugs. Diplotaxis simplex (Viv.) Spreng. (Brassicaceae) is an edible plant largely distributed in the Mediterranean region. D. simplex flowers display important in vitro antioxidant potential and inhibitory activity of the α-glucosidase, a key enzyme linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this paper, the antihyperglycemic potential of D. simplex flowers on diabetic rats were investigated.MethodsBioactive substances were determined by liquid chromatography-high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-HRESIMS) analysis. Animals were divided into four groups of six rats each: a normal control group, a diabetic control group, a diabetic group receiving flowers extract (200 mg/kg body mass) and a diabetic group receiving acarbose (10 mg/kg body mass) as standard drug.ResultsMany glycosides of rhamnetin, isorhamnetin, quercetin and kaempferol compounds were identified in the ethanolic flowers extract. Alloxan induced hyperglycemia, manifested by a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the blood glucose level as well as in serum α-amylase activity. Furthermore, diabetic rats exhibited oxidative stress, as evidenced by a decrease in antioxidant enzymes activities and an increase in lipid peroxidation level of the pancreas, liver and kidneys. Interestingly, the oral administration of D. simplex flowers extract during 30 days restored the glycemia, α-amylase activity, serum lipid profile and antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, the flowers extract exhibited a renal protective role by decreasing the urea and creatinine levels in diabetic rats serum.Conclusions D. simplex flowers contained bioactive compounds that possess important antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties and protected pancreas, liver and kidneys against hyperglycemia damage.

LC‐ESI/HRMS analysis of glucosinolates, oxylipins and phenols in Italian rocket salad (Diplotaxis erucoides subsp. erucoides (L.) DC.) and evaluation of its healthy potential

“…The protective effect of D. simplex was confirmed in vivo where administration of this extract (200 mg kg −1 body mass) for 30 days restored the normal glycaemia and serum lipid profile in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. 32 The inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase was also observed with D. tenuifolia leaf aqueous extract with an IC 50 value of 7.76 mg mL −1 . 33…”

Diplotaxis Genus: A Promising Source of Compounds with Nutritional and Biological Properties

“…To date, approximately 137 glucosinolates have been identified in plants, with 28 of them found within the genus Diplotaxis , among which glucolepidin, glucobrassicin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin are the most common [ 23 , 24 , 25 ]. To date, indol alkaloids and triterpenoids have been exclusively detected in the flowers of D. simplex , while oxylipins were found only in the aerial parts of D. erucoides [ 26 , 27 ]. Phenolic compounds identified in this genus primarily comprised flavonols and phenolic acids.…”

A Review of Medicinal Plants with Renoprotective Activity in Diabetic Nephropathy Animal Models

“…The ethanolic extract of the stem barks of Ficus recemosa (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg orally per day for 56 days) restored the renal GSH and SOD in diabetic Wistar rats induced by 45 mg/kg of STZ [ 127 ]. The ethanolic extract of the flowers of Diplotaxis simplex (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg orally per day for 30 days) improved renal SOD, CAT, and GPx in diabetic Wistar rats induced by 150 mg/kg of alloxan [ 128 ]. The methanolic extract of the barks of Syzygium mundagam (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg orally per day for 28 days) increased the renal SOD, CAT, GSH, and GST in diabetic Wistar rats induced by 60 mg/kg of STZ and 120 mg/kg of nicotinamide [ 129 ].…”