The crucial role of protein phosphorylation in cell signaling and its use as targeted therapy (Review)

Abstract

Protein phosphorylation is an important cellular regulatory mechanism as many enzymes and receptors are activated/deactivated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events, by means of kinases and phosphatases. In particular, the protein kinases are responsible for cellular transduction signaling and their hyperactivity, malfunction or overexpression can be found in several diseases, mostly tumors. Therefore, it is evident that the use of kinase inhibitors can be valuable for the treatment of cancer. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of action of phosphorylation, with particular attention to the importance of phosphorylation under physiological and pathological conditions. We also discuss the possibility of using kinase inhibitors in the treatment of tumors.

SUMOylation and phosphorylation cross-talk in hepatocellular carcinoma

“…It is an important cellular regulatory mechanism as many enzymes and receptors are activated/deactivated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events (60). The most common sites of phosphorylation are serine, threonine and tyrosine in mammalian proteins (61).…”

Sirt7 inhibits Sirt1-mediated activation of Suv39h1

“…Protein modification by acetylation/deacetylation is – similarly to phosphorylation/dephosphorylation – a frequently used mechanism to regulate functions of proteins [24]. Numerous examples of autocatalytic activation have been described for kinases and phosphatases, but only very few cases are known in which acetyltransferases or protein deacetylases undergo activation by autoacetylation or autodeacetylation [25–28].…”

Molecular characterization and expression analysis of two crucial MAPKs‐ jnk1 and erk1 as cellular signal transducers in Labeo rohita in response to PAMPs stimulation and pathogenic invasion

“…The intracellular communication between membrane receptors viz ., toll‐like receptors (TLRs), Nod‐like receptors (NLRs) and interleukin‐1 receptor (IL‐1R) etc., and their nuclear or cytoplasmic targets in response to extracellular stimuli is mediated by a limited number of signalling pathways, including a group of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades (Cuadrado & Nebreda, ). Phosphorylation of protein is a critical cellular regulatory mechanism as many enzymes and receptors are activated or deactivated by the process of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation through kinases and phosphatases (Ardito et al ., ).…”