The Crosstalk Between Microbiome, Cancer Immunology, and Immunotherapeutics: Myth or Reality

Abstract

The gut microbiome refers to microorganisms and their genetic material influencing local and systemic inflammation. Inflammation is known to contribute to cancer development, progression, and treatment. Evidence suggests that modulating the gut microbiome may affect responses to various cancer therapies. The gut microbiota has been suggested to have an impact on immunotherapy efficacy, especially the currently widely used immune checkpoint inhibitors in various malignancies. Microbial Interventions like fecal microbiota transplantation, various probiotics, or even antibiotics can increase or de-crease the tumor's sensitivity to immunotherapy. However, not all tumors react in the same manner, highlighting the tumor microenvironment heterogeneity across tumor types and the influence this has on the crosstalk between the microbiome and therapy outcomes. In this study, we intend to review the association between the gut microbiota and immunotherapy response in cancer patients and the factors regulating this interaction.

Therapeutic Multi-Epitope Vaccine Construction Using in Silico Strategies Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma

“…The estimated number of death is more than 7 lakh annually and according to recent data 661000 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma were recorded in 2018 and the incidence of HCC cases is expected to increase between 2018 and 2030 according to World Health Organisation (Abbas et al 2020). Rising HCC incidence cases occur in developing countries such as Sub-Sahara Africa, Southeast Asia, Asia, and China thus leading to a major concern in India (Tojjari et al 2023). The Risk factors for HCC include chronic HBV (hepatitis B virus) and HCV (hepatitis C virus) infections, autoimmune hepatitis, chronic alcohol use, diabetes mellitus, and obesity.…”