The crosstalk between macrophages and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in bone healing

Abstract

Bone injury plagues millions of patients worldwide every year, and it demands a heavy portion of expense from the public medical insurance system. At present, orthopedists think that autologous bone transplantation is the gold standard for treating large-scale bone defects. However, this method has significant limitations, which means that parts of patients cannot obtain a satisfactory prognosis. Therefore, a basic study on new therapeutic methods is urgently needed. The in-depth research on crosstalk between macrophages (Mϕs) and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) suggests that there is a close relationship between inflammation and regeneration. The in-depth understanding of the crosstalk between Mϕs and BMSCs is helpful to amplify the efficacy of stem cell-based treatment for bone injury. Only in the suitable inflammatory microenvironment can the damaged tissues containing stem cells obtain satisfactory healing outcomes. The excessive tissue inflammation and lack of stem cells make the transplantation of biomaterials necessary. We can expect that the crosstalk between Mϕs and BMSCs and biomaterials will become the mainstream to explore new methods for bone injury in the future. This review mainly summarizes the research on the crosstalk between Mϕs and BMSCs and also briefly describes the effects of biomaterials and aging on cell transplantation therapy.

Strategies for in situ tissue engineering of vascularized bone regeneration (Review)

“…In the remodeling phase, OCs are recruited to catabolize bone to reach a dynamic balance with the osteogenesis produced by the OBs. Based on the current body of literature ( 8 , 26 , 27 ), achieving VBR usually takes the first three steps of intervention. These steps require complex interactions between multiple cell types, mediated by either soluble or insoluble cues, which have yet to be elucidated.…”

Study on 3D printed MXene-berberine-integrated scaffold for photo-activated antibacterial activity and bone regeneration

“…38 Through increasing the membrane permeability, BBR could realize effective interaction with bacteria membranes and amino acids, thus performing antibacterial activity, while reducing the propensity towards drug resistance. 39,40 Regarding the overexpression of osteoclastic cytokines caused by the bacterial infection that disturbs the bone healing process, [41][42][43] BBR has the promise to weaken the inflammatory reaction and inhibit bone destruction. 44 As MXene nanosheets possess a large surface area with negative groups, positive-charged BBR can be strongly anchored through electrostatic interactions, which is desirable for the controlled release of antibacterial drugs.…”

Fluorinated hydroxyapatite conditions a favorable osteo-immune microenvironment via triggering metabolic shift from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation

“…The osteo-immunomodulatory properties of biomaterials have emerged as crucial factors in maintaining bone homeostasis and have garnered significant attention [ 3 ]. Among immune cells, macrophages play a vital role [ 3 , 4 ], and the functional polarization of macrophages is pivotal in determining the quality and efficacy of injury repair [ 5 ]. Macrophage polarization involves two main states: M1 macrophages promote an inflammatory response, while M2 macrophages possess the ability to suppress inflammation and regulate tissue repair and regeneration [ 5 , 6 ].…”