The Cross‐border Spillover Effects of Recreational Marijuana Legalization

Hao, Zhuang; Cowan, Benjamin

doi:10.1111/ecin.12764

Cited by 47 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 40 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…For example, Hao and Cowan compared the frequency of drug-related arrests in counties of neighboring states relative to nonbordering counties of Colorado and Washington. 5 They found a significant increase of marijuana possession arrests for adults in those neighboring counties. Accordingly, we compared the two noncontiguous states of Alaska and Hawaii, to lessen any possibility of such geographical neighboring effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…4 MU among adolescents is a public concern due to its associated health and educational outcomes, as well as potential adverse effects. [5][6][7] The negative health outcomes associated with MU are magnified with continued use, and the progression to chronic use typically begins during adolescence. 8 MU by adolescents remains illegal under US federal law.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Adolescents’ Marijuana Use Following Recreational Marijuana Legalization in Alaska and Hawaii

Lee

Kim‐Godwin

Hur

2021

Asia Pac J Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Alaska and Hawaii, the only 2 noncontiguous states in the United States, have different marijuana policy environments. Alaska enacted recreational marijuana legalization (RML) in 2014, whereas recreational marijuana is still illegal in Hawaii. This study analyzed how RML affects adolescents’ marijuana use (MU) by comparing 2 states. We used data from 2 states (Alaska and Hawaii) from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2009 to 2019 years (N = 35 467). The trends of lifetime MU and current MU were examined. Using difference-in-differences analysis models, this study investigated whether RML increased lifetime and current MU in Alaska compared with Hawaii after adjusting for socioeconomic characteristics. Both lifetime and current MU prevalence among adolescents in Alaska increased after RML, while both rates in Hawaii gradually decreased. The rate of lifetime MU in Alaska was significantly increased after RML (odds ratio [OR] = 1.29) compared with Hawaii. Similarly, the current MU among adolescents in Alaska was significantly increased compared with that in Hawaii (OR = 1.34). Both lifetime and current MU were increased following RML in Alaska, suggesting that RML may affect the increase of MU among adolescents.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescents’ Marijuana Use Following Recreational Marijuana Legalization in Alaska and Hawaii

Lee

Kim‐Godwin

Hur

2021

Asia Pac J Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several mechanisms explain the reason why this may occur. First, enacted laws are difficult to enforce because cannabis is transportable, which undermines distribution restrictions (Mikos 2015, Hansen et al 2018, Hao and Cowan 2017. Second, marijuana potency has greatly increased in recent years (ElSohly et al 2016, Sevigny et al 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recreational Marijuana Laws and Junk Food Consumption: Evidence Using Border Analysis and Retail Sales Data

Baggio¹,

Chong²

2019

SSRN Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We use retail scanner data on purchases of alcoholic beverages across US counties for 2006 to 2015 to study the link between medical marijuana laws (MMLs) and alcohol consumption. To do this, we exploit differences in the timing of marijuana laws among states and find that they are substitutes. We show that unlike traditional national-level analysis, focusing on contiguous-border county pairs provides unbiased estimates of the effect of MMLs on alcohol sales. Specifically, alcohol sales in counties located in MML states decreased by 12.4%. Results are robust to including placebo effective dates for MMLs in treated states. Résumé. Marijuana et alcool: analyse transfrontalière et données relatives à la vente au détail. Afin d'étudier la corrélation entre les lois sur la marijuana médicale (LMM) et la consommation d'alcool, nous nous sommes appuyés sur les données de vente au détail de boissons alcoolisées dans différents comtés des États-Unis entre 2005 et 2016. À cette fin, nous avons d'abord exploité le décalage dans le temps des mises en oeuvre des LMM dans les états concernés, et avons découvert qu'alcool et marijuana se substituaient l'un à l'autre.Nous montrons également qu'une analyse réalisée sur des paires de comtés transfrontaliers, contrairement à une étude traditionnelle réalisée à l'échelle nationale, permettait de fournir des évaluations fiables relativement à l'incidence des LMM sur les ventes d'alcool. Plus précisément, le volume mensuel des ventes d'alcool dans les comtés situés dans des états ayant passé des lois sur la marijuana médicale a diminué de 12,4 %. Les résultats restent robustes même en intégrant de fausses dates de mise en oeuvre des LLM dans les états étudiés.

show abstract

“…Those jurisdictions where cannabis remains illegal and which share a contiguous border with a jurisdiction that has undergone judicial change noted an increase in illegal cannabis products entering their jurisdiction, as well as increased cannabis related arrests at borders (Quotes 81-84). 133,134,[160][161][162] This may be due to increased law enforcement in these areas, resulting in an over-inflation of the inter-jurisdictional impact (Quotes 85, 86). 160,161 Judicial change, local bylaws and zoning restrictions also affected community demographics with deliberate movement of families both into and out of legalisation zones (Quote 87), 163,164 and lower socio-economic areas having higher density of cannabis retailers (Quote 88).…”

Section: Communitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…133,134,[160][161][162] This may be due to increased law enforcement in these areas, resulting in an over-inflation of the inter-jurisdictional impact (Quotes 85, 86). 160,161 Judicial change, local bylaws and zoning restrictions also affected community demographics with deliberate movement of families both into and out of legalisation zones (Quote 87), 163,164 and lower socio-economic areas having higher density of cannabis retailers (Quote 88). 165 Modelling of major crime rates post medical legislation demonstrated no consistent effects on crime rates (Quote 89) 166 and post recreational legalisation modelling demonstrated an initial short term increase in crime that was not sustained in the long term (Quotes 90, 91), 167 as well as increased police clearance rates (Quote 92).…”

Section: Communitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Framing the use of cannabis as a medicine in New Zealand: Regulatory, Clinician and Patient contexts

Oldfield¹

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A medicine is a substance developed for administration to humans for therapeutic purposes that achieves its action by pharmacological, immunological or metabolic means. Pharmaceutical medications undergo years of pre-clinical and clinical trials to establish their safety, tolerability and efficacy. Cannabis, whether in raw or processed form, sits predominantly outside this remit. Its use falls broadly into four categories; recreational, plant used for medicinal purposes, cannabis-based products marketed for medical purposes and pharmaceutical grade cannabinoid medications. The use of cannabis as a medicine involves complex interactions across social, health and political domains, at both a global and national level. New Zealand has attempted to address this with the implementation of the Medicinal Cannabis Scheme in April 2020. This research was undertaken to develop an understanding of what effect cannabis regulations have had on multiple jurisdictions enacting them and applying this to the New Zealand context, and to understand specific groups of patient-doctor interactions regarding the use of cannabis as a medicine. First, I undertook a meta-narrative qualitative review synthesising themes relating to the outcomes of cannabis regulatory change across multiple jurisdictions. Five super-ordinate themes were identified in the meta-narrative review; Normalisation, Gatekeeping, Economics, Community and Health, which were applied in framing the conclusion of this thesis. I then completed a systematic review / meta-analysis examining label accuracy and contaminants in cannabis-based products in regulated markets. Labelling accuracy ranged from 17 to ~86%. Contaminants included microbes, solvents, pesticides and adulterants. Meta-analysis of pesticide contamination showed that the overall proportion of contaminated samples was 0.25 (95% CI: 0.10 to 0.40, Heterogeneity: I2=79%, X12=4.74, p=0.03). Finally, I completed six observational studies within New Zealand to determine knowledge, beliefs and reported interactions of doctors and patients regarding the use of cannabis as a medicine in three medical disciplines; general practice (GP), oncology and neurology. Doctors reported that patients were requesting medical cannabis prescriptions (GP: 55%, Neurology: 63%. Oncology: 84% respectively), and informing them of using illicit cannabis for medical symptoms. All doctors were concerned about prescribing cannabis as a medicine due to lack of evidence and lack of understanding of the prescription processes. Despite this, the majority were willing to prescribe a funded cannabis-based product backed by evidence of efficacy in traditional clinical trials. Patients in all three disciplines indicated comfort discussing cannabis with GPs and specialists (GP patients: 91.7%, 92.1%, neurology patients: 88.2%, 90.6%, oncology patients: 85.8%, 88.2% respectively). All groups reported low levels of prescriptions received (<20%). Patients reported illicit use of cannabis for medical reasons (11.2%, 34.6% and 35.5% in GP, neurology and oncology patients respectively), with reported effectiveness of illicit cannabis for their condition ranging from 86.7 to 94.0%. Patients in all three fields wished to know the benefits, side effects and availability of cannabis-based products and had concerns regarding access and cost. The use of cannabis as a medicine remains a complex situation within the NZ context. Significant implementation issues remain for the Medicinal Cannabis Scheme to ensure the safety and wellbeing of patients in New Zealand.

show abstract

The Cross‐border Spillover Effects of Recreational Marijuana Legalization

Cited by 47 publications

References 40 publications

Adolescents’ Marijuana Use Following Recreational Marijuana Legalization in Alaska and Hawaii

Adolescents’ Marijuana Use Following Recreational Marijuana Legalization in Alaska and Hawaii

Recreational Marijuana Laws and Junk Food Consumption: Evidence Using Border Analysis and Retail Sales Data

Framing the use of cannabis as a medicine in New Zealand: Regulatory, Clinician and Patient contexts

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About