The critical runaway condition and stability criterion in the phenol–formaldehyde reaction

Evaluation of runaway reaction for dicumyl peroxide in a batch reactor by DSC and VSP2

“…Barton and Nolan investigated chemical incidents in batch reactor processes in the United Kingdom, and found that 134 runaway accidents occurred from 1962 to 1987. Of these, 64 were caused by polymerization reaction (Barton & Nolan, 1989;Luo et al, 2000). Clearly, serious attention should be paid to the chemical reactor, especially if it contains an unstable reactive chemical.…”

“…Clearly, serious attention should be paid to the chemical reactor, especially if it contains an unstable reactive chemical. Thermal explosions or runaway reaction accidents caused by OPs, such as cumene hydroperoxide (CHP), dicumyl peroxide (DCPO), methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKPO), etc., have also been an important social theme in the past four decades in Taiwan, as displayed in Table 1 (Hou, Shu, & Duh, 2001;Luo et al, 2000;Wang, Duh, & Shu, 2006;Wang et al, 2001).…”

Novel Protocol for Resole Phenol Formaldehyde Resins Synthesis with Tubular Reactor and Characterization

“…The narrow ∆H peak is due to the liberation of formaldehyde in the methylated phenol oligomers and obviously associated with excess free formaldehyde present in batch resin. [ 32 ] The continuous resole resin also follows a very similar cure profile. The curing of resin starts at 121 °C and the maximum cure happens at 156 °C with the liberation of 280 J g −1 of energy.…”

Phenol–formaldehyde runaway reaction: a case study

“…This methylophenols condense to form low-molecular-weight prepolymers. On heating the prepolymers transform to various molecular weight polymers with a rigid cross-linked network [20]. Whereas in the acid-catalysed reaction the first step is the addition reaction--formaldehyde and phenol form methylophenols (2-hydroxymethylphenol, 4-hydroxymethylphenol), the methylophenols condense to form dihydroxydiphenyl methane and on heating they finally condense together to form a linear polymer called novolacs [21].…”