The Critical Pitting Chloride Concentration of Various Stainless Steels Measured by an Electrochemical Method

Wu, Xuan; Sun, Yangting; Liu, Yuanyuan; Yang, Yi; Li, Jin; Jiang, Yiming

doi:10.1149/2.0861814jes

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(74 reference statements)

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“…With the reduction of Cl − concentration from 300 mg L −1 , E p shifts positively over the potential of oxygen evolution reaction. As the Cl − concentration reduces to the critical value, the stable pitting corrosion cannot take place (Mameng et al , 2017; Wu et al , 2018). The critical values of Cl − concentration for the pitting corrosion of 444 SS are about 160 mg L −1 , 80 mg L −1 and 60 mg L −1 in the synthetic tap water at 25°C, 55°C and 80°C, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrochemical corrosion behavior of type 444 stainless steel in synthetic tap water at different temperatures

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2020

ACMM

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the electrochemical corrosion behavior of type 444 stainless steel (SS) in synthetic tap water from 25°C to 80°C, i.e. the operation environment of the electric water heater. Design/methodology/approach The corrosion behavior was studied by using electrochemical measurements such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization curve. The specimen surfaces were observed with scanning electron microscopy. The passive films were characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Findings In the typical tap water, 444 SS passivates spontaneously under different temperatures. The passive films formed at higher temperatures contain relatively less Cr-species and more Cl− ions, resulting in lower polarization resistances. The stable pitting corrosion takes place in the potential region of oxygen evolution as the temperature increases to about 55°C. The critical Cl− concentration of pitting corrosion reduces from about 160 mg L−1 to 60 mg L−1 with changing temperature from 25°C to 80°C. Practical implications The pitting corrosion probability was assessed through the statistical analysis of tap water quality. The results are useful for the application of 444 SS as well as the design of electric water heater. Originality/value This paper shows the variation of polarization resistance, pitting potential, passive film composition and critical pitting chloride concentration with the temperature of tap water. It is of great significance for the development and application of SS in tap water environments.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…about 35 mg L −1 Cl − at 50°C for 316 L SS. Wu et al (2018) obtained that the critical Cl − concentration values of pitting corrosion for 304 and 316 L SSs are about 0.036 mol L −1 and 0.06 mol L −1 NaCl in the buffered solutions at 50°C, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Electrochemical corrosion behavior of type 444 stainless steel in synthetic tap water at different temperatures

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2020

ACMM

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“…Table 2 shows the fitted results for the impedance spectra of 310S stainless steel in the two solutions with different concentrations under free corrosion conditions. The polarization resistance R p (i.e., corrosion resistance) is the sum of R t and R f [37,38]. In the synthetic tap water solutions, as the concentration ratio increased from 1 to 10 times, R s decreased significantly due to the enhancement of solution conductivity.…”

Section: Figure 11mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of 310S Stainless Steel in Hot Concentrated Tap Water

Wen

Yin

Liu

et al. 2023

Metals

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The corrosion behavior of 310S stainless steel was investigated in synthetic tap water and Ca2+ and Mg2+-free solutions with different concentration ratios at 80 °C using electrochemical measurement techniques and surface analysis methods. The main purpose was to obtain the electrochemical corrosion characteristics under carbonate scale conditions. The specimens displayed a spontaneous passivation state in the solutions with or without Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. With the enlargement of the concentration ratio of synthetic tap water from 1 to 10 times, the polarization resistance under free corrosion conditions and the pitting potential decreased by about 48% and 327 mV, respectively. The pitting tendency increased with increasing concentration ratio of tap water. The carbonate scales deposited from the synthetic tap water solutions were mainly composed of CaCO3, which led to a slight increase in the polarization resistance and the pitting potential and decrease in the passive current density.

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“…1 The energy density (300-450 Wh kg −1 ) and theoretical capacity (820 mAh g −1 ) of zinc metal add further incentives. [2][3][4] There are different types of ZRFBs based on the cathode material: Zn/Bromine, Zn/Iodine, Zinc/Manganese, Zn/ Cerium, Zn/Vanadium, Zn/Fe(CN) 6 ], and Zn/TEMPO. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] The inherent issue of these flow batteries is the formation of dendrites in the charge/discharge cycling process.…”

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confidence: 99%

Aqueous Zinc Ion Battery with Potassium Selective Hyper Cross-Linked Dibenzo-18-Crown-6-Ether Membrane

Bavdane,

Bhatt,

Nikumbe

et al. 2023

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Nonselective ion transport across the separator in zinc-iodine flow batteries (ZIFBs) alters concentration gradients, precipitates insoluble iodine, and generates uneven zinc nucleation on the anode surface. Here, we report the synthesis of a K+ ion-selective hyper-cross-linked dibenzo-18-crown-6-ether-containing polymer (HCP) that allows transfer of the K+ ion while avoiding the crossover of electroactive species. The sulfonated HCP was blended with SPEEK in compositions of 5, 10, and 15 %, designated as SHCP1, SHCP2, and SHCP3, respectively. The blending of SHCP results in increases in ion exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake, ionic conductivity, and K+ ion selectivity. The best membrane, SHCP3, showed 7.6 times higher K+ ion selectivity than the neat SPEEK membrane. The galvanostatic charging/discharging over 200 cycles at 20 mA cm-2 current density showed 96 % CE, 88% VE, and 84 % EE for the SHCP3 membrane. It delivered 37.5 Ah L-1 capacity at 20 mA cm-2 current density, whereas Nafion-117 delivered 22 Ah L-1 capacity. The OCV of the cell with SHCP3 membranes remains at 1 V over 20 h. The results suggest that K+ ion selectivity is significantly helping in mitigating dendrite formation and enhancing the stability of the ZIFB battery, thus increasing its potential use.

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The Critical Pitting Chloride Concentration of Various Stainless Steels Measured by an Electrochemical Method

Cited by 11 publications

References 40 publications

Electrochemical corrosion behavior of type 444 stainless steel in synthetic tap water at different temperatures

Electrochemical corrosion behavior of type 444 stainless steel in synthetic tap water at different temperatures

Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of 310S Stainless Steel in Hot Concentrated Tap Water

Aqueous Zinc Ion Battery with Potassium Selective Hyper Cross-Linked Dibenzo-18-Crown-6-Ether Membrane

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