The critical moment: The transition from currency to coinage in the eastern Mediterranean

Balmuth, Miriam S.

doi:10.1080/00438243.1975.9979609

Cited by 60 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Money use preceded coinage use in the ancient Near East, so that the monetary aspects of the economy can be seen in pre-coinage forms that were used as currency. Metal by weight (multiples/fractions of standardised weights) as a store and/or index of value and sometimes as direct means of payment was used (Balmuth 1975;Dercksner 1999;Kim 2001). In the Mesopotamian ration system, barley, wool, textiles and metals were used for payments (Breniquet 2013).…”

Section: Commercial Exchanges and Types Of Transactions In The Ancienmentioning

confidence: 99%

“You give me letters instead of money?” Commercial transactions in the Near East and the Western Mediterranean ca. 1100-600 BCE: social innovation and institutional inhibition of Phoenician commerce

Pappa

2018

Rev. Mus. Arqueol. Etnol.

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Dois dos problemas mais importantes e fundamentais na pesquisa proto-histórica e antropológica são relacionados à popularização da alfabetização e às origens do dinheiro. As razões por trás da propagação repentina e abrangente do alfabeto fenício no século VII1,VII a.C. permanecem sem solução, apesar dos debates contínuos. Ao mesmo tempo, permanece largamente ignorado na pesquisa acadêmica o paradoxo de que os fenícios, comerciantes da antiguidade por excelência, aparentemente náo usaram nenhuma forma de moeda física, apesar de possuírem redes comerciais no Mediterrâneo. No entanto, pesquisas recentes suportam o alto grau de monetização das redes comerciais fenícias, bem como o fato de que formas de "proto-moeda" circulavam no Levante pelo menos a partir do século VI11 a.C. Este artigo pretende analisar esses dois problemas de uma perspectiva totalmente nova, explorando os vínculos entre eles e testando se uma causalidade pode ser estabelecida entre a repentina divulgação da alfabetização e a ausência de moeda física na economia fenícia, com foco no Ocidente. E sugerido que o aumento da monetização foi possível através dos padrões de intercâmbio comercial estabelecidos no Próximo Oriente desde o terceiro milênio a.C., que permitiram transações usando letras de crédito (notas promissórias), com pagamentos eventuais efetuados em vários meios através de um índice estabelecido de valor (por exemplo, relativo à prata).

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Section: Commercial Exchanges and Types Of Transactions In The Ancienmentioning

confidence: 99%

“You give me letters instead of money?” Commercial transactions in the Near East and the Western Mediterranean ca. 1100-600 BCE: social innovation and institutional inhibition of Phoenician commerce

Pappa

2018

Rev. Mus. Arqueol. Etnol.

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“… 25 Contra Nixon 2009; Nixon et al 2011. For consideration of earlier but comparable processes in another geographical region, with emphasis on the distinction between money and coin, see Balmuth 1975, 2001; Price 1983. …”

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confidence: 99%

Trans-Saharan Gold Trade and Byzantine Coinage

Phillipson¹

2017

Antiq. J.

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It is often argued that northward trade in gold from sub-Saharan West Africa began after the establishment of Islamic control late in the seventh centuryad. This paper questions that conclusion, and suggests that minting at Carthage of the Byzantine gold coins known as globular solidi was related to the acquisition of metal through developing trans-Saharan contacts. Political developments in the late sixth century may have interrupted the supply of gold to Byzantine Carthage; this problem intensified during the following decades when production of globular solidi began. It is suggested that trans-Saharan imports comprised gold that was cast, for export and apparently also for local circulation, at Tadmekka in north-eastern Mali and perhaps elsewhere, into lumps of standardised weight calculated to meet the needs of the Byzantine mint at Carthage. Preliminary archaeometallurgical investigations provide some degree of support for this hypothesis, and further analyses are planned that may identify the sources of the gold minted in seventh-century Carthage. If and when such detail becomes available, it may have major implications for our understanding of the nature and instigation of ancient trans-Saharan connections.

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The Worlds of the Indian Ocean

Beaujard

2019

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The monsoon unfailingly regulated sea-voyages in either direction in the Far East and the warm seas, thus precipitating or interrupting international encounters between merchants. (Braudel 1982, II: 126) The Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean covers approximately 75 million square kilometers. It is bordered to the west by the African coast and Arabia, to the east by the Thai-Malay peninsula, the Indonesian coasts, andfurther southwestern Australia. The Asian continent runs along its northern border, with India forming a wide peninsula that divides the northern Indian Ocean into eastern and western parts (the Bay of Bengal and the Sea of India, respectively).

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The critical moment: The transition from currency to coinage in the eastern Mediterranean

Cited by 60 publications

References 4 publications

“You give me letters instead of money?” Commercial transactions in the Near East and the Western Mediterranean ca. 1100-600 BCE: social innovation and institutional inhibition of Phoenician commerce

“You give me letters instead of money?” Commercial transactions in the Near East and the Western Mediterranean ca. 1100-600 BCE: social innovation and institutional inhibition of Phoenician commerce

Trans-Saharan Gold Trade and Byzantine Coinage

The Worlds of the Indian Ocean

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