The crisis of confidence in social psychology.

Scientific Utopia

“…In some domains, requiring replication is not an onerous requirement because data collection is easy. But in other domains, it is difficult or even impossible to conduct a direct replication because of the resource demands or unique opportunities for data collection (Elms, 1975;Lykken, 1968). If replication were essential for every new phenomenon, then researchers might be disinclined to pursue new and challenging ideas to ensure publishability of what they produce.…”

The Researcher as Experimental Subject: Using Self-Experimentation to Access Experiences, Understand Social Phenomena, and Stimulate Reflexivity

“…By the late 1970s, however, social psychology too began to more forcefully shed itself of the researcher-as-subject orientation as well as experimental approaches that featured high degrees of researcher-participant interaction as the field passed through what is now considered an era of "crisis" (see Adair, 1991;Elms, 1975). Under pressure to defend the discipline's position among the natural sciences at a time when experimental findings risked being exposed as non-replicable or otherwise untenable, researchers disavowed methodology deemed overly susceptible to intrusion from latent, uncontrolled phenomena (e.g., experimenter effects; Rosenthal, 1966).…”

Interactivity Theory: Analyzing Human Environments Using Linear Prediction Filters

“…The application of the scientific method in psychological research has been the subject of continuing debate (see Elms, 1975;Gergen, 1973Gergen, , 1976Greenwald, 1976b;Schlinker, 1976;Secord, Note 1). Some critics have asserted that the application of the scientific method has been inadequate.…”