“…The Kazan Tatars were largely intermediaries for the Russian/Soviet advance into the Turkic regions of Central Asia; while the Crimean Tatars were one of the punished peoples of the 1930s. Descendents of Kazan Tatars tend to remain in Central Asia, while the Crimean Tatars have orchestrated a highly effective ‘return’ migration to their historic homeland (Izmirli forthcoming; Sheehy and Nahaylo 1980; Williams 1998). Other groups possessing long histories in the region and currently existing without sovereign states to which they might consider ‘returning’ include the Chechens, Ingush (Pohl 2002), Balkhars, Kurds, Meskhetians, Karachis, Kalmyks, Mordvinaians, Udmurts, Chuvash, and Bashkirs (Akiner 2005, 34; see Olsen et al.…”