“…Their activities help to create creation value for society, which is the ultimate goal of public administrations, by promoting a region and the positive values of sport in society (K esenne, 2000;Mart ınez-Lemos, 2015), e.g. community outreach, social cohesion, healthy lifestyles, gender equality and empowerment (Cook et al, 2021;Dimitropoulos and Koronios, 2021;Van der Roest and Dijk, 2021). So even though it is important to rationalize the concession of subsidies from public administrations to elite clubs, they can be justified, as they have both direct returns through tax revenues and indirect returns through the creation of social value.…”