The cranial development of certain South African snakes and the relationship of these groups.

Development of the Osteocranium in Natrix natrix (Serpentes, Colubridae) Embryogenesis II: Development of the jaws, palatal complex and associated bones

“…Polachowski and Werneburg also found the unpaired ossification centre in already fused premaxillae in Bothropoides jararaca (2013). Similar unpaired ossification centre in other snake species was the reason for some authors to claim the unpaired appearance of the premaxilla in snake embryogenesis (Franklin, ; Kamal & Hammouda, ; Pringle, ).…”

“…Although there are a number of studies on the osteocranium development in snake embryogenesis, the data are fragmentary. In most papers, the skull development is described based on small number (up to eight) of developmental stages of embryos (Bäckström, ; Boback, Dichter, & Mistry, ; Boughner et al., ; Chekanovskaya, ; Franklin, ; Haluska & Alberch, ; Jackson, ; Kamal & Hammouda, ; Kamal, Hammouda, & Mokhtar, ; Parker, ; Pringle, ). Only in recent years, there have been more detailed studies describing the development of snake osteocranium at more developmental stages (Khannoon & Evans, ; Polachowski & Werneburg, ).…”

Nervi Olfactorius, Opticus and Octavus of Malpolon Moilensis.

“…This condition is also found in the ophidians Tropidonotus natrix (De Beer, 1937), Causus rhombeatus (Pringle, 1954), Psammophis sibilans (Hegazy, 1976), in Natrix tessellate (El-Ghareeb et al, 2004a) and in Coluber rogersi (Omar, 331 2013). On the other hand, there is a closed complete foramen olfactorium advehens due to the fusion of the planum anteorbitale and the nasal septumwas recorded in Vipera aspis (Peyer, 1912), Viperaressellii (Srinivasachar, 1955), Cerastes Vipera (Hegazy, 1976), Naja Haje (Abdel-Kader et al, 2000) and in Echis carinatus (Dakrory and Mahgoub, 2009).…”

Anatomical Studies on the Cranial Nerves and Ganglia of the Head Region of the Lizard Uromastyx Aegyptia Microlepis. I. The Nervi "Olfactorius, Opticus and Octavus".

“…The lack of the foramen olfactorium evehens seems to be a common pattern in Ophidia (Pringle, 1954;Hammouda, 1963;El-Toubi et al, 1973;Mostafa, 1990;Abdel-Kader et al, 2000). These authors concluded that the lacking of the foramen olfactorium evehens is due to the complete lack of the sphenethmoid commissure.…”

“…A case described in the majority of lizards; two acoustic foramina are also found in the majority of snakes (De Beer, 1937;Pringle, 1954;El-Toubi et al, 1973;Hegazy, 1976). On the other hand, three acoustic foramina (anterius, medius and posterior) described in Ptyodactylus annularis (Hafferl, 1921), Mabuya (Rao and Ramaswami, 1952;Gabry et al, 2011;Ibrahim, 2011) and Varanus monitor (Shrivastava, 1964).…”