The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape

Le, Tung Thanh; Andreadakis, Zacharias; Kumar, Arun; Román, Raúl Gómez; Tollefsen, Stig; Saville, Mélanie; Mayhew, Stephen D.

doi:10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5

Cited by 1,463 publications

(723 citation statements)

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“…Medicago company has announced the development of a plant-based vaccine for the SARS-CoV-2 release in March 2020. Besides, further attempts for vaccine development from Moderna utilizing mRNA platform, Inovios DNA vaccine and College of Medicine and University of Queensland's utilizing subunit recombinant expression of potential vaccines [56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63].…”

Section: Structural Proteins As Vaccine Candidatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Pandemic: an Overview of epidemiology, pathogenesis, Diagnostics and Potential Vaccines and Therapeutics

et al. 2020

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At the time of writing this review, severe acute respiratory coronavirus syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 2,355,853 patients and resulted in more than 164,656 deaths worldwide (as of 20 April 2020). This review highlights the preventive measures, available clinical therapies and the potential of vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 by taking into consideration the strong genetic similarities of the 2003 epidemic SARS-CoV. Recent studies are investigating the repurposing of US FDA-approved drugs as there is no available vaccine yet with many attempts under clinical evaluation. Several antivirals, antimalarials and immunomodulators that have shown activity against SARS-CoV and Middle East coronavirus respiratory syndromes are being evaluated. In particular, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, favipiravir, arbidol, tocilizumab and bevacizumab have shown promising results. The main aim of this review is to provide an overview of this pandemic and where we currently stand. Graphical abstract:

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Section: Structural Proteins As Vaccine Candidatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Pandemic: an Overview of epidemiology, pathogenesis, Diagnostics and Potential Vaccines and Therapeutics

et al. 2020

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“…Currently, no specific therapeutic agents and preventive vaccines are available and approved for the COVID-19. Furthermore, it is anticipated that, despite unprecedented research activity, a vaccine will not be available before 2021 (30). However, a number of drugs that have been approved for other diseases, some of which have been tried in patients with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, are being evaluated for the treatment of COVID-19.…”

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confidence: 99%

COVID-19: Learning from Lessons To Guide Treatment and Prevention Interventions

Triggle

Bansal

Farag

et al. 2020

mSphere

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and first emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. Since then, the virus has rapidly spread to many countries. While the outbreak in China appears to be in decline, the disease has spread across the world, with a daily increase in the number of confirmed cases and infection-related deaths. Here, we highlight (i) the lessons that have been learnt so far and how they will benefit reducing the impact of COVID-19 disease and (ii) an update on the status of drug treatment and vaccine development to prevent COVID-19 and potential future related pandemics. Although the mortality rate is clearly higher than for influenza, the rate does seem to vary from country to country, possibly reflecting differences in how rapidly local health authorities respond to isolate and effectively care for the affected population. Drugs are urgently needed for both prophylaxis and the treatment of severely ill patients; however, no proven effective therapies for SARS-CoV-2 currently exist. A number of drugs that have been approved for other diseases are being tested for the treatment of COVID-19 patients, but there is an absence of data from appropriately designed clinical trials showing that these drugs, either alone or in combination, will prove effective. There is also a global urgency to develop a vaccine against COVID-19, but development and appropriate testing will take at least a year before such a vaccine will be globally available. This review summarizes the lessons learnt so far from the COVID-19 pandemic, examines the evidence regarding the drugs that are being tested for the treatment of COVID19, and describes the progress made in efforts to develop an effective vaccine.

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“…Multiple attempts are being made to develop an effective vaccine against SARS-Cov-2. To date, there are 78 confirmed active projects, 53 of which are in exploratory development, 18 are at a preclinical stage, and five are being tested in phase I clinical trials [107]. Most of them target the surface-exposed spike protein in order to induce neutralizing antibodies.…”

Section: Active Immunotherapy Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The only vaccine platforms that have been moved into phase I clinical trials include (1) the mRNA-based vaccine, from Moderna (NCT04283461) (last update posted: 4 May 2020; last access date: 9 May); (2) the DNA plasmid encoding the spike protein delivered by electroporation, from Inovio Pharmaceuticals (NCT04336410) (last update posted: 24 April 2020; last access date: 9 May); (3) the Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) expressing the spike protein, from CanSino Biologicals (NCT04324606) (last update posted: 8 May 2020; last access date: 9 May); (4) the lentiviral vector system expressing viral proteins and immune modulatory genes to modify dendritic cells and activate T cells, from the Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute (NCT04276896) (last update posted: 19 March 2020; last access date: 9 May); (5) the lentiviral vector system expressing viral proteins and immune modulatory genes to modify artificial antigen presenting cells and to activate Tcells, also from the Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute (NCT04299724) (last update posted: 9 March 2020; last access date: 9 May) [107]. However, anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines need to be available very soon, and in large amounts, because the COVID-19 pandemic is still ongoing.…”

Section: Active Immunotherapy Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Inflammatory Syndrome. Clinical Features and Rationale for Immunological Treatment

Prete

Favoino

Catacchio

et al. 2020

IJMS

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The current pandemic coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is a global health emergency because of its highly contagious nature, the great number of patients requiring intensive care therapy, and the high fatality rate. In the absence of specific antiviral drugs, passive prophylaxis, or a vaccine, the treatment aim in these patients is to prevent the potent virus-induced inflammatory stimuli from leading to the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which has a severe prognosis. Here, the mechanism of action and the rationale for employing immunological strategies, which range from traditional chemically synthesized drugs, anti-cytokine antibodies, human immunoglobulin for intravenous use, to vaccines, are reviewed.

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The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape

Cited by 1,463 publications

References 0 publications

COVID-19 Pandemic: an Overview of epidemiology, pathogenesis, Diagnostics and Potential Vaccines and Therapeutics

COVID-19 Pandemic: an Overview of epidemiology, pathogenesis, Diagnostics and Potential Vaccines and Therapeutics

COVID-19: Learning from Lessons To Guide Treatment and Prevention Interventions

SARS-CoV-2 Inflammatory Syndrome. Clinical Features and Rationale for Immunological Treatment

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