The COVID-19 Pandemic and Non-communicable Diseases—A Wake-up Call for Primary Health Care System Strengthening in Sub-Saharan Africa

Kraef, Christian; Juma, Pamela A.; Kallestrup, Per; Mucumbitsi, Joseph; Ramaiya, Kaushik; Yonga, Gerald

doi:10.1177/2150132720946948

Cited by 31 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…As early as 2007, a call was made to strengthen preparedness for a highly pathogenic influenza like pandemic in Africa (6). More recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the realization for the need to strengthen primary health care systems (7). Community health workers (CHWs) play a critical role in primary health care systems in sub Saharan Africa, and their role in pandemics is increasingly being recognized: Corburn et al recommended immediate training and deployment of CHWs to address COVID-19 in informal settlements of the global south (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrated rural health system baseline assessment of COVID-19 preparedness in Siaya Kenya

Kaseje

Oruenjo

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Objective: Our aim was to assess Siaya county COVID-19 preparedness at community and health facility levels and measure baseline household prevalences of fever and cough. Design: There was retrospective and prospective data collection using standard tools. We determined the prevalence of fever and cough in households. We evaluated household knowledge about COVID-19 prevention and adherence to preventive measures. We evaluated the presence of a workforce, essential infrastructure and equipment needed for COVID-19 case management, and the availability of essential maternal and child health services in health facilities. Setting: Siaya in rural Western Kenya Participants: households and health facilities in Siaya Results: We visited 19474 households and assessed 152 facilities. The prevalences of fever and cough ranged from 1.4% to 4.3% and 0.2 to 0.8% respectively ; 97% and 98% of households had not received a guest from nor travelled outside Siaya respectively; 97% knew about frequent handwashing, 66% knew about keeping distance, and 80% knew about wearing a mask; 63% washed their hands countless times; 53% remained home; and 74% used a mask when out in public. The health facility assessment showed: 93.6% were dispensaries and health centers; 90.4% had nurses; 40.5% had oxygen capacity; 13.5% had pulse oximeters; and 2 ventilators were available; 94.2% of facilities did not have COVID-19 testing kits; 94% and 91% of facilities continued to provide antenatal care and immunization services respectively. Health care worker training in COVID-19 had been planned. Conclusions: Household prevalence of fever and cough was low suggesting Siaya had not entered the active community transmission phase in June 2020. Our assessment revealed a need for training in COVID-19 case management, and a need for basic equipment and supplies including pulse oximeters and oxygen. Future interventions should address these gaps. Strengths and limitations: This study provides an example of how to successfully carry out an integrated rural health system baseline assessment of COVID-19 preparedness; an approach that would be useful for any country experiencing COVID-19 with a significant rural population. Some of our data were retrospective in nature and therefore vulnerable to multiple sources of bias including: recall bias and misclassification.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrated rural health system baseline assessment of COVID-19 preparedness in Siaya Kenya

Kaseje

Oruenjo

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Allel et al (2020) find that a delay in the government lockdown responses significantly affected the incidence rate ratios (IRR) of COVID-19 cases. Health care capacity of a country is another important determinant of pandemic preparedness (Chaudhry et al, 2020;Khan et al, 2020;Kraef et al, 2020;Mbunge, 2020). Health inequalities due to inadequate health capacity, directly affect vulnerable people (Bambra et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introduction I Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Country-level Factors and Government Intervention on the Incidence of COVID-19

Haldar

Sethi

2020

Asian Economics Letters

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This study explores the effects of demographic, socioeconomic , and public-response factors on the incidence of new COVID-19 cases for the 10 countries with the greatest number of confirmed cases. Results show that demographic factors and government policies are significant determinants of COVID-19. Socioeconomic factors, such as GDP per-capita and the human development index, appear statistically insignificant. The findings are important for policymakers in their efforts to reduce the number of new cases.

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“…The quality of food and nutrition has crucial role in NCDs-COVID-19 prevention. But in COVID 19 episode measures reported to limit the accesses and availability of healthier foods and also limit physical activity (8). However, many nutrition studies have been directed to individually dietary intakes of which it is different from this.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But, recently, few studies demonstrated climate changes events; extreme weather changes, air pollution, increase of industrial activities, ood and storms are among of risk factors (6,7). Moreover, NCDs and COVID 19 are sharing the risk factors, like inadequate fruits and vegetables intake, excessive intake of alcohol, physical inactivity, air pollution and overpopulation , high intake of trans-fat, salt, as well tobacco use (8,9) and this is the signi cant of this study on NCDs-COVID 19 prevention.Besides, the combinations of these two diseases have increased the burden to people's life. NCDs itself kills about 70% people worldwide annually, while 2/3 of them are from developing countries, In 2016, the NCDs reported to kill 71% worldwide, among of them, 4% were young people below 30 years, whereas 38% were people with the age between 30 -70 years and 58% were people with 70 years and above.80% of deaths were due to cancers, cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes and 20% were from slow NCDs killer (10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

NCDs-COVID19 Preventions, Environmental – Nutrition Perspective Approach; (The Case of Tanzanian Students)

Kilimba

Baysen

2021

Preprint

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INTRODUCTION; : Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are serious public diseases. They are affecting a larger a number of young people who are from developing countries. Characterized by been non-transferrable diseases. The main risk factors include unhealthy behaviors and metabolic syndromes. Unhealthy behaviors include excess use of salts, sugar, fats food and alcohol, other are cigarettes, physical inactive and inadequate intake of fruits and vegetable, but also overweight/obesity, hypertension high cholesterol and hyperglygriciride. Common NCDs killers are CVDs, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes and cancer OBJECTIVES;: main objective of this study was to assess the student knowledge on NCD-COVID-19 prevention; environmental – nutrition perspective approach.. METHOD;: Cross section study design conducted at Dar-es-salaam- Tanzania. Purposive method used to select participants within six secondary schools that are situated at city center. The likert scale questioner used to obtain non-parametric data. The validation and reliability of tool pre-tested before actual data collection. The data were analyzed under ordinal regression analysis under the help of computer with SPSS- 20 version software. The descriptive statistics established frequencies and percentages while statistical measures were median and IQR. RESULTS;: about 600 students were recruited and participated, 54.7% were female and 45.3% male, (SD) mean was 18.3 and SD was 0.64. Students were knowledgeable on nutrition perspective by 81% while on environmental perspective was 50%. CONCLUSION; : the study concluded that, to speed up NCDs–COVID19 prevention, the multipart environmental education, curriculum education review and adoption of new NCDs strategic action (2018-2020) are needed.

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The COVID-19 Pandemic and Non-communicable Diseases—A Wake-up Call for Primary Health Care System Strengthening in Sub-Saharan Africa

Cited by 31 publications

References 15 publications

An integrated rural health system baseline assessment of COVID-19 preparedness in Siaya Kenya

An integrated rural health system baseline assessment of COVID-19 preparedness in Siaya Kenya

The Effect of Country-level Factors and Government Intervention on the Incidence of COVID-19

NCDs-COVID19 Preventions, Environmental – Nutrition Perspective Approach; (The Case of Tanzanian Students)

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