The COVID-19 pandemic and cannabis use in Canada―a scoping review

Abstract

Background Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, the cannabis industry has adapted to public health emergency orders which had direct and indirect consequences on cannabis consumption. The objective of this scoping review was to describe the patterns of consumption and cannabis-related health and safety considerations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. Methods For this scoping review, we searched four electronic databases supplemented with grey literature. Peer-reviewed or pre-print studies using any study design and grey literature reporting real-world data were included if published in English between March 2020 and September 2021 and focused on cannabis and COVID-19 in Canada. A content analysis was performed. Results Twenty-one studies met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Study designs included cross-sectional surveys (n = 17), ecological study (n = 1), conceptual paper (n = 1), longitudinal study (n = 1), and prospective cohort study (n = 1). Most were conducted solely in Canada (n = 18), and the remaining included global data. Our content analysis suggested that cannabis consumption during the pandemic varied by reasons for use, consumers’ age, gender, and method of consumption. Health and safety impacts due to the COVID-19 pandemics included increased mental illness, increased emergency visits, and psychosocial impacts. Discussion This scoping review suggested that the impact of the pandemic on cannabis consumption in Canada is more complex than simplistic assumptions of an increase or decrease in consumption and continues to be difficult to measure. This study has explored some of those complexities in relation to reasons for use, age, gender, method of consumption, and health impacts. This scoping review is limited by focusing on the breadth compared to depth. Conclusions Legalizing nonmedical use of cannabis in Canada in 2018 has had its challenges of implementation, one of which has been the changing context of the society. The findings of this study can help inform cannabis policy updates in Canada as the country is reaching its fifth year of legalizing nonmedical use of cannabis.

Profiles of cannabis users and impact on cannabis cessation

“…With the legalization of cannabis, researchers have called for increased empirical research on the etiology, course, and treatment of cannabis use disorder [ 2 ]. Cannabis use also has increased because of the COVID-19 pandemic, both in Canada [ 3 , 4 ] and elsewhere [ 5 , 6 ], with a scoping review indicating that coping with loneliness and symptoms of mood and anxiety disorders accounted for increased use [ 7 ]. Cannabis is the second most commonly used substance by Canadians after alcohol, and it is estimated that approximately 1 in every 11 cannabis users will progress to developing a cannabis use disorder (CUD) [ 8 ].…”