The Covid-19 Baby Bump: The Unexpected Increase in U.S. Fertility Rates in Response to the Pandemic

Bailey, Martha J.; Currie, Janet; Schwandt, Hannes

doi:10.3386/w30569

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Finally, as proof-of-concept of application of HIPPS to N3C data, we generated 3 types of cohorts of pregnant persons, ranging from all episodes regardless of precision in gestational age (cohort 1) to a cohort with week-level precision for gestational age and defined outcome (cohort 3), and compared sociodemographic, clinical, and COVID-19 variables across the cohorts. Our cohorts were similar (age, race/ethnicity) to national statistics on live births (2019–2021) and CDC surveillance data on COVID-19 infection during pregnancy, 30 , 31 demonstrating our results are consistent with national demographics. Furthermore, the distribution of gestational ages for live birth are similarly asymmetrical to the national distribution with a mode of 39 weeks.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Who is pregnant? Defining real-world data-based pregnancy episodes in the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C)

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objectives To define pregnancy episodes and estimate gestational age within electronic health record (EHR) data from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C). Materials and Methods We developed a comprehensive approach, named Hierarchy and rule-based pregnancy episode Inference integrated with Pregnancy Progression Signatures (HIPPS), and applied it to EHR data in the N3C (1/1/2018-4/7/2022). HIPPS combines: 1) an extension of a previously published pregnancy episode algorithm, 2) a novel algorithm to detect gestational age-specific signatures of a progressing pregnancy for further episode support, and 3) pregnancy start date inference. Clinicians performed validation of HIPPS on a subset of episodes. We then generated pregnancy cohorts based on gestational age precision and pregnancy outcomes for assessment of accuracy and comparison of COVID-19 and other characteristics. Results We identified 628,165 pregnant persons with 816,471 pregnancy episodes, of which 52.3% were live births, 24.4% were other outcomes (stillbirth, ectopic pregnancy, abortions), and 23.3% had unknown outcomes. Clinician validation agreed 98.8% with HIPPS-identified episodes. We were able to estimate start dates within one week of precision for 475,433 (58.2%) episodes. 62,540 (7.7%) episodes had incident COVID-19 during pregnancy. Discussion HIPPS provides measures of support for pregnancy-related variables such as gestational age and pregnancy outcomes based on N3C data. Gestational age precision allows researchers to find time to events with reasonable confidence. Conclusion We have developed a novel and robust approach for inferring pregnancy episodes and gestational age that addresses data inconsistency and missingness in EHR data. Lay Summary The National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) provides researchers a unique opportunity to use electronic health record data from more than 12 million individuals from over seventy healthcare systems across the U.S. to study the impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy and women’s health. However, doing research with electronic health record data from different sources can be challenging as data can often be reported in many ways and formats. To address this challenge, we developed an approach known as Hierarchy and rule-based pregnancy episode Inference integrated with Pregnancy Progression Signatures (HIPPS) that can 1) find the start and end of a pregnancy, 2) infer whether the pregnancy resulted in a live birth or pregnancy loss, and 3) determine the gestational age at the end of pregnancy. We observed from a subset of data that our approach had high agreement with how clinicians would collect this information from electronic health records. When applying our approach on all the data in N3C, we identified 816K pregnancies from 628K individuals. Of these individuals, 62K had COVID-19 during pregnancy. Our research demonstrates that our HIPPS approach can enable COVID-19-related research in pregnancy with electronic health record data.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Who is pregnant? Defining real-world data-based pregnancy episodes in the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C)

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As social life contracted in 2020, both scholars and lay social theorists speculated about its impacts on sexual and intimate life. Heterogenous predictions guided early empirical work on the topic, including the anticipation of a baby boom propelled by increased sex between couples (Bailey, Currie, and Schwandt 2022;Carpenter 2020;Ullah et al 2020), a decrease in casual sex (Döring 2020), an increase in divorce rates (Dvorak 2020), greater masturbation (Padgett 2020), and higher consumption of pornography and participation in virtual sex (Banerjee and Sathyanarayana Rao 2021;Grubbs et al 2022;Mestre-Bach, Blycker, and Potenza 2020). Although quarantine measures increased the opportunities for sexual self-exploration for some, it eroded resources essential for sexual health and psychological well-being for vulnerable populations, including women, LGBTQ people, and sex workers (Hall et al 2020;Platt et al 2020).…”

Section: Covid and Sexuality: The "How" And "How Much" Of Sexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Love in the Time of COVID-19: The Social Dimensions of Intimate Life under Lockdown

Borsa

Calleo

Faires

et al. 2023

Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Although popular media across the United States reported that the coronavirus disease 2019 COVID pandemic incited dramatic transformations in personal relationships, identities, and practices, little sociological research examines these developments. What exists elaborates the “how” and “how much” of sex, the frequency of sexual conduct, and changes in the patterning of sexual behavior. In this study of the intimate trajectories of 46 young adults, conducted during the height of U.S. quarantine restrictions in 2020 and early 2021, the authors explore the “whys” of sex. They find that the exogenous force of the pandemic profoundly altered individual relationship trajectories, prompted sexual introspection projects, shifted understandings of sexual risk, and promoted new modes of intimacy. These findings suggest that pandemic life reached deep into subjective self-understandings and ways of relating to others. They also reveal the benefits of foregrounding cultural meanings over behaviors, changes in thoughts over actions, and social processes over individual outcomes.

show abstract

“…Less career disruption can lead to a greater union wage premium among females than males in the long run. As the economy recovered from the pandemic‐led recession, a “mini baby boom” or “baby bump” occurred in 2021 (Bailey et al, 2022). These new mothers might have experienced an even greater union wage premium than new fathers, if unions offered employment security as well as paid maternity leave to those working mothers.…”

Section: Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

How did theCOVID‐19 pandemic affect men's and women's returns to unionization?

Han

2023

Industrial Relations

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Using data from the Current Population Survey for the period 2015 to 2021, I study union‐nonunion differences in employment, wages and other terms and conditions before and after the COVID‐19 pandemic. Analyses are run separately for men and women. I find that, compared to non‐union workers, union workers were better able to retain employment, less likely to do telework, and more likely to receive pay for the hours they did not work during the pandemic. These patterns were more evident for female workers.

show abstract

The Covid-19 Baby Bump: The Unexpected Increase in U.S. Fertility Rates in Response to the Pandemic

Abstract: NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.

Cited by 17 publications

References 10 publications

Who is pregnant? Defining real-world data-based pregnancy episodes in the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C)

Who is pregnant? Defining real-world data-based pregnancy episodes in the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C)

Love in the Time of COVID-19: The Social Dimensions of Intimate Life under Lockdown

How did theCOVID‐19 pandemic affect men's and women's returns to unionization?

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About