The course of acquisition and retention of conditioned eyelid responses in man.

Hilgard, Ernest R.; Campbell, Albert A.

doi:10.1037/h0055600

Cited by 82 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Unfortunately, few data speak to this issue, and most have been derived from tests involving many conditioning trials and appetitive reinforcers. In such studies, researchers observed an increase in resistance to extinction over longer retention intervals (e.g., Aiken & Gibson, 1965;Hilgard & Campbell, 1936;Spear & Spitzner, 1967;Youtz, 1938). This effect has been explained as a result of the generalization gradient's flattening as the retention interval increases, thus weakening the discrimination between acquisition and extinction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Order and duration of stimuli are important determinants of reactivation

Arnold

Spear

1993

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Prior cuing treatments intended to alleviate the forgetting of a conditioned aversion to an odor were tested with 18-day-old rats. Previous experiments had shown that when such pups were conditioned with the use of a CS-/CS+ procedure, pretest presentation of the CS-or US, but not the CS+, alleviated the forgetting otherwise seen after a 3·h retention interval. In Experiment 1, it was determined that the forgetting was not alleviated if the CS-was either preceded or followed by presentation of the CS+, despite the fact that the CS-/CS+ ordering mimicked that of original conditioning. Experiment 2 was an examination of the balance of extinction and reactivation effects caused by presenting the CS+ for varying durations following the 3·h retention interval. The forgetting over this interval was alleviated if the CS+ was presented for 5 or 15 sec, but not 30 sec. With an increase in duration of exposure from 15 to 30 sec, the consequences of the CS+ as a prior cuing treatment apparently shifted from reactivation to extinction. Experiment 3 was a test of the interaction between the consequences of different lengths of CS+ exposure and the effectiveness of adding CS-to the CS+ as a reactivation treatment. The varied effectiveness of reactivation treatments is discussed in terms of a change in stimulus conditions from training to reactivation.The necessary and sufficient conditions for the alleviation of forgetting remain unsettled in memory research. One effective treatment in the alleviation of forgetting is the presentation of a reminder, or prior cue. Many authors have noted the importance of such procedures, which are typically referred to as reactivation treatments (Gordon, 1981(Gordon, , 1983 Rovee-Collier, Sullivan, Enright, Lucas, & Fagen, 1980;Spear, 1978;Spear, Miller, & Jagielo, 1990;Spear & Parsons, 1976). A reactivation treatment involves exposing the subject to a specified aspect of the original training episode prior to a retention test. Reactivation treatments have been used to alleviate forgetting that results from many different sources, such as long retention intervals (Gordon, Smith, & Katz, 1979;Spear & Parsons, 1976), short retention intervals (Feldman & Gordon, 1979;Gordon & Feldman, 1978), and electroconvulsive shock (R. R. Miller & Springer, 1973). Reactivation treatments have also been shown to alleviate forgetting in preweanling animals (Campbell & Jaynes, 1966) and in human infants (Rovee-Collier et al., 1980).In a recent series of experiments, J. S. Miller, Jagielo, and Spear (1989Spear ( , 1991 McKinzie for their comments on an early version of the manuscript. We would also like to thank Teri Tanenhaus for secretarial assistance in preparing the manuscript, Norman Richter for technical assistance, and Heather Rabine for assistance in collecting the data. Requests for reprints may be addressed to N. E. Spear, Center for Developmental Psychobiology, Binghamtom University, Binghamton, NY 13902. rats were exposed to a lemon odor (CS -) prior to the pairing of a second odor, methyl salicy...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Order and duration of stimuli are important determinants of reactivation

Arnold

Spear

1993

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…Eyelid and/or nictitating membrane (NM) response conditioning has been established in various mammalian species including rabbits (e.g., Gormezano et al, 1962; Gormezano et al, 1983; Schneiderman et al, 1962; Thomas & Wagner, 1964), rats (e.g., Hughes & Schlosberg, 1938; Skelton, 1988; Stanton, Freeman, & Skelton 1992), humans (e.g., Hilgard & Campbell, 1936; Hilgard & Marquis, 1936; Spence & Trapold, 1961; Woodruff-Pak & Steinmetz, 2000), monkeys (e.g., Clark & Zola, 1998; Hilgard & Campbell, 1936; Marquis & Hilgard, 1937), ferrets (e.g., Ivarsson & Hesslow, 1993; Ivarsson, Svensson, & Hesslow, 1997; Jirenhaed, Bengtsson, & Hesslow, 2007), cats (e.g., Gruart, Blázquez, & Delgado-García, 1995; Harrison & Buchwald, 1983; Jiménez-Díaz, Navarro-López, Gruart, & Delgado-García, 2004), dogs (e.g., Hilgard & Marquis, 1935; 1936; Vardaris & Fitzgerald, 1969), and mice (e.g., Bao, Chen, & Thompson, 1998; Kishimoto, Suzuki, Kawahara, & Kirino, 2001; Park, Onodera, Nishimura, Thompson, & Itohara, 2006). Acquisition and expression of the eyeblink CR is similar across species.…”

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confidence: 99%

Examination of bilateral eyeblink conditioning in rats.

Campolattaro

Freeman²

2009

Behavioral Neuroscience

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This experiment monitored eyelid responses bilaterally during delay eyeblink conditioning in rats. Rats were given paired or unpaired training with a tone or light conditioned stimulus (CS) and a unilateral periorbital shock unconditioned stimulus (US). Rats given paired training acquired high levels of conditioned responses (CRs), which occurred in both eyelids. However, acquisition was faster, and the overall percentage of CRs was greater in the eyelid that was ipsilateral to the US. CRs in the eyelid ipsilateral to the US also had shorter onset latencies and larger amplitudes than CRs in the contralateral eyelid. Both eyelids consistently showed high percentages of unconditioned responses (UR) to the US, and the UR amplitude decreased across training sessions in the paired group. The present study demonstrated that CRs occur robustly in both eyelids of rats given eyeblink conditioning, which is similar to previous findings in humans and monkeys. The results also showed that conditioning occurs more prominently in the eyelid that is ipsilateral to the US, which is similar to previous findings in humans, monkeys, dogs, and rabbits.

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“…In conditioning paradigms, the presence or absence of the eyeblink conditional on the presentation of the conditioned stimulus is the datum of interest. In his early work, Hilgard (1931;Hilgard & Campbell, 1936;Hilgard & Marquis, 1935) used a photochronographic technique that had been developed by Dodge (1926). In this technique, long paper "eyelashes" are glued to the eyelids of the subject, and a bright light is arranged to shine across the subject's face and focused such that the eyelashes cast a distinct shadow on moving photosensitive paper.…”

Section: Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A search ofthe PsycLIT database from 1974 through 1995 using startle, prepulse inhibition, and blink reflex as search terms demonstrates this growth of interest; inspection ofthe results ofthis search reveals that the number of articles published each year in this area grew from approximately 25 in the late 1970s to nearly 100 in 1995, with much of the increase occurring in the last decade, Despite this recent proliferation of studies, the use of airpuff-elicited blink reflexes as a dependent measure has a long history in experimental psychology. Much of the earliest work was done by Ernest Hilgard (Hilgard, 1931;Hilgard & Campbell, 1936;Hilgard & Marquis, 1935, who investigated the conditioning of the reflex across species from dogs to monkeys to humans. This tradition continued through the "Golden Age of Behaviorism" (e.g., Spence, 1966;Spence & Ross, 1959) to the present, where recent work has been useful in describing the neural bases of classical conditioning of the eye blink in the rabbit brainstem (Krupa, 1.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Using airpuffs to elicit the human blink reflex

Haerich

1998

Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers

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The course of acquisition and retention of conditioned eyelid responses in man.

Cited by 82 publications

References 18 publications

Order and duration of stimuli are important determinants of reactivation

Order and duration of stimuli are important determinants of reactivation

Examination of bilateral eyeblink conditioning in rats.

Using airpuffs to elicit the human blink reflex

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