The Coupled Boundary Layers and Air–Sea Transfer Experiment in Low Winds

Edson, James B.; Crawford, Timothy L.; Crescenti, Jerry; Farrar, J. Thomas; Frew, Nelson M.; Gerbi, Greg; Helmis, C. G.; Hristov, Tihomir; Khelif, D.; Jessup, Andrew T.; Jonsson, H.; Li, Ming; Mahrt, L.; McGillis, Wade R.; Plueddemann, Albert J.; Shen, Lian; Skyllingstad, Eric D.; Stanton, Tim; Sullivan, Peter P.; Sun, Jielun; Trowbridge, John; Vickers, Dean; Wang, Shouping; Wang, Qing; Weller, Robert A.; Wilkin, John; Williams, Antony J.; Yue, Dick K. P.; Zappa, Christopher J.

doi:10.1175/bams-88-3-341

Cited by 167 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

131

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…[42] Reviews on the momentum exchanges for low wind speeds and for hurricanes are provided by Edson et al [2007] and Black et al [2007], respectively . Powell et al [2003] focus on the structure of the wind profile under the high wind conditions associated with tropical storms and provides estimates on friction velocity, surface roughness, and C d on the basis of these observed wind profiles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hurricane storm surge simulations comparing three‐dimensional with two‐dimensional formulations based on an Ivan‐like storm over the Tampa Bay, Florida region

2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

[1] We provide a dynamics-based comparison on the results from three-dimensional and two-dimensional simulations of hurricane storm surge. We begin with the question, What may have occurred in the Tampa Bay, Florida vicinity had Hurricane Ivan made landfall there instead of at the border between Alabama and Florida? This question is explored using a three-dimensional, primitive equation, finite volume coastal ocean model. The results show that storm surges are potentially disastrous for the Tampa Bay area, especially for landfalls located to the north of the bay mouth. The worst case among the simulations considered is for landfall at Tarpon Springs, such that the maximum wind is positioned at the bay mouth. Along with such regional aspects of storm surge, we then consider the dynamical balances to assess the importance of using a three-dimensional model instead of the usual, vertically integrated, two-dimensional approach to hurricane storm surge simulation. With hurricane storm surge deriving from the vertically integrated pressure gradient force tending to balance the difference between the surface and bottom stresses, we show that three-dimensional structure is intrinsically important. Two-dimensional models may overestimate (or underestimate) bottom stress, necessitating physically unrealistic parameterizations of surface stress or other techniques for model calibration. Our examination of the dynamical balances inherent to storm surges over complex coastal topography suggests that three-dimensional models are preferable over two-dimensional models for simulating storm surges.Citation: Weisberg, R. H., and L. Zheng (2008), Hurricane storm surge simulations comparing three-dimensional with twodimensional formulations based on an Ivan-like storm over the Tampa Bay, Florida region,

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hurricane storm surge simulations comparing three‐dimensional with two‐dimensional formulations based on an Ivan‐like storm over the Tampa Bay, Florida region

2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Recent field observations have been largely of two kinds. The first, focused on turbulent flux measurements and efforts to parameterize drag as a function of wind speed (e.g., Edson et al 2013), were motivated by a need to rapidly improve operational forecasting and climate modeling (see, e.g., the COARE momentum flux model; Webster and Lukas 1992). Others, concerned with the fundamental physics of wave generation and growth mechanisms, were able to relate their flux measurements to the phase of the waves, thereby estimating wave-coherent fluxes, which provided evidence of Miles's critical layer mechanism for a certain range of wave ages (Hristov et al 2003;Grare et al 2013a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure of the Airflow above Surface Waves

Buckley

Véron

2016

Journal of Physical Oceanography

120

143

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In recent years, much progress has been made to quantify the momentum exchange between the atmosphere and the oceans. The role of surface waves on the airflow dynamics is known to be significant, but our physical understanding remains incomplete. The authors present detailed airflow measurements taken in the laboratory for 17 different wind wave conditions with wave ages [determined by the ratio of the speed of the peak waves C p to the air friction velocity u * (C p /u * )] ranging from 1.4 to 66.7. For these experiments, a combined particle image velocimetry (PIV) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique was developed. Two-dimensional airflow velocity fields were obtained as low as 100 mm above the air-water interface. Temporal and spatial wave field characteristics were also obtained. When the wind stress is too weak to generate surface waves, the mean velocity profile follows the law of the wall. With waves present, turbulent structures are directly observed in the airflow, whereby low-horizontal-velocity air is ejected away from the surface and high-velocity fluid is swept downward. Quadrant analysis shows that such downward turbulent momentum flux events dominate the turbulent boundary layer. Airflow separation is observed above young wind waves (C p /u * , 3.7), and the resulting spanwise vorticity layers detached from the surface produce intense wave-coherent turbulence. On average, the airflow over young waves (with C p /u * 5 3.7 and 6.5) is sheltered downwind of wave crests, above the height of the critical layer z c [defined by hu(z c )i 5 C p ]. Near the surface, the coupling of the airflow with the waves causes a reversed, upwind sheltering effect.

show abstract

“…However, due to the technical and environmental difficulties, along with high costs, a complete set of measurements, spanning from the surface throughout the entire MABL, are rare. Therefore, most of the studies have been carried out mainly from coastal locations at the shoreline and/or from islands (Sempreviva and Gryning, 2000;Helmis, 2007;Edson et al, 2007;Smedman et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observed development of the vertical structure of the marine boundary layer during the LASIE experiment in the Ligurian Sea

et al. 2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. In the marine environment, complete datasets describing the surface layer and the vertical structure of the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer (MABL), through its entire depth, are less frequent than over land, due to the high cost of measuring campaigns. During the seven days of the Ligurian Air-Sea Interaction Experiment (LASIE), organized by the NATO Undersea Research Centre (NURC) in the Mediterranean Sea, extensive in situ and remote sensing measurements were collected from instruments placed on a spar buoy and a ship. Standard surface meteorological measurements were collected by meteorological sensors mounted on the buoy ODAS Italia1 located in the centre of the Gulf of Genoa. The evolution of the height (z i ) of the MABL was monitored using radiosondes and a ceilometer on board of the N/O Urania.Here, we present the database and an uncommon case study of the evolution of the vertical structure of the MABL, observed by two independent measuring systems: the ceilometer and radiosondes. Following the changes of surface flow conditions, in a sequence of onshore -offshoreonshore wind direction shifting episodes, during the mid part of the campaign, the overall structure of the MABL changed.Correspondence to: A. M. Sempreviva (am.sempreviva@isac.cnr.it) Warm and dry air from land advected over a colder sea, induced a stably stratified Internal Boundary Layer (IBL) and a consequent change in the structure of the vertical profiles of potential temperature and relative humidity.

show abstract

The Coupled Boundary Layers and Air–Sea Transfer Experiment in Low Winds

Abstract: Observations from a suite of platforms deployed in the coastal ocean are being combined with numerical models and simulations to investigate the processes that couple the atmosphere and ocean.

Cited by 167 publications

References 30 publications

Hurricane storm surge simulations comparing three‐dimensional with two‐dimensional formulations based on an Ivan‐like storm over the Tampa Bay, Florida region

Hurricane storm surge simulations comparing three‐dimensional with two‐dimensional formulations based on an Ivan‐like storm over the Tampa Bay, Florida region

Structure of the Airflow above Surface Waves

Observed development of the vertical structure of the marine boundary layer during the LASIE experiment in the Ligurian Sea

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About