The cotton bollworm /

Quaintance, A. L.; Brues, Charles T.

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.109927

Cited by 68 publications

(54 citation statements)

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“…A stock suspension of 4 X lo6 PIBImL was prepared and stored at 5OC until used. (Quaintance and Brues 1905;Zalom et al 1986 …”

Section: Preparation Of Inoculummentioning

confidence: 98%

Histopathology of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (Reoviridae) infection in corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), larvae (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Bong¹,

Sikorowski²

1991

Can. J. Zool.

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Histopathology of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) infection in the larval midgut of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa (=Heliothis) zea (Boddie) is described. Small polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) are observed in columnar cells of the midgut 1 or 2 days after treatment with CPV. Virions are partially or completely occluded in a polyhedral matrix to form PIB at the periphery of the virogenic stroma. PIB are dodecahedral in shape with a hexagonal outline and measure from less than 1 to 4 μm in size. Virions measure about 50 nm in diameter. Microvilli of infected columnar cells are not affected until immediately prior to rupture of the cell. Some infected columnar cells ruptured to release PIB into the gut lumen 2 or 3 days after infection. PIB are also released into the lumen by extrusion of heavily infected columnar cells. Mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum deteriorate as infection progresses, and in many cells with advanced infection, the nucleus is obscured. PIB are found in goblet cells 5 days after infection. Infected goblet cells degenerate to such an extent that only a few of the original microvillus-like cytoplasmic projections and cell organelles are left. The implications of CPV infection in integrated pest management of the corn earworm are discussed.

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“…A stock suspension of 4 X lo6 PIBImL was prepared and stored at 5OC until used. (Quaintance and Brues 1905;Zalom et al 1986 …”

Section: Preparation Of Inoculummentioning

confidence: 98%

Histopathology of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (Reoviridae) infection in corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), larvae (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Bong¹,

Sikorowski²

1991

Can. J. Zool.

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“…The statement is made commonly in the literature that maize is a favoured food-plant of Heliothis obsolete, and it is frequently stated or implied that the plant is most attractive to moths during the period of silking (female flower) production, the silks being extruded for a variable time after the appearance of tassels. According to Quaintance and Brues (1905), " corn is without doubt the preferred food of the bollworm and it is subject to attack from the time the plants are 12 to 18 inches high in the spring until late in the summer and fall, when the yellowing leaves and ripening ears are no longer attractive." Recently Ditman and Cory (1931) published data showing that, in their observations, 62 to 75 per cent, of the eggs were laid on silks.…”

Section: Oviposition On Maize In Relation To Floweringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Quaintance \ and Brues (1905), Winburn and Painter (1932) and others, parasites which attack I and destroy the young larvae extensively are present in America and elsewhere, jj…”

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confidence: 98%

Investigations on the Control of the American and Red Bollworms of Cotton in S. Africa

Parsons

Ullyett

1934

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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SummaryMethods have been devised and applied to an intensive study of the course of illworm activity on numerous rain-grown and irrigated crops. These were developed the first instance to enable accumulation of data considered essential for evaluating eusefulness of certain egg and larval parasites when released experimentally. and they have now been extended to the point of providing continuous, quantitative data on bollworm-food-plant relations. This work has been placed on a routine basis. The information that is supplied comprises:—1. The course of oviposition in point of duration, magnitude and time of occurrence in the life of a host crop. This serves well to indicate the true course of moth activity on different food-plants, the relative attractiveness of these and to reveal if such matters are maintained under different conditions and bear definable relations to growth stages of a food-plant.2. The identity and activity of egg and larval parasites under natural conditions.3. The identity and activity of insects predatory on the eggs and larvae, as occurring in the varied insect communities associated with different crops.4. Comparative mortality of larvae in the different crops where oviposition has been recorded.Continuous records of egg-laying by the American bollworm, H. obsoleta, F., have been taken at the Cotton Station, Barberton and on several farms in the neighbourhood. Cotton and maize were the principal crops, but the surveys included a number of other food-plants. Egg-laying was found to be very closely associated with the period of bud and flower production, and its duration on different hosts thus varies according to the flowering habit.In the case of maize, egg-laying hi quantity commences when the tassels (stam-inate flowers) are extruding, and the peak of the oviposition is passed before silks (pistillate flowers) are abundant. This is at variance with the generally accepted view that the plant is most heavily oviposited upon during the silking period. The typical course of oviposition on maize here lasts for two to three weeks only.Numerous instances were observed where oviposition by Heliothis occurred on maize in tassel to the practical exclusion of neighbouring cotton in freely fruiting and healthy condition, and the possibilities of exploiting this relationship are discussed.As regards winter-irrigated vegetable crops and citrus orchards, data are given showing that the American Bollworm breeds extensively in these crops, particularly so a month or two prior to the appearance of rain-grown cotton, maize and tobacco.The irrigated crops in the Barberton and contiguous districts are regarded as a main source from whence bollworm on cotton is derived. Citrus orchards of which there are relatively large acreages may be of particular importance in this regard.The methods of obtaining information on the course of moth emergence are described. Data are given that explain the course of moth activity in winter crops and indicate when moths enter rain crops from winter breeding areas.The only larval parasite of importance under natural conditions is Sturmia inconspicua, but this fly does not parasitise young larvae. There is a scarcity of insects parasitic on American bollworm larvae, and the question of importing them should be considered. Breeding and experimental releases of a larval parasite, Microbracon brevicornis, are discussed.Two important egg parasites are a species of Phanurus and Trichogramma lutea.An Anthocorid bug, Orius sp., destroys large numbers of bollworm eggs and probably also young larvae, and this insect and certain species of ants are the most important agents in natural control.As regards the red bollworm, Diparopsis castanea, Hmps., it is concluded that the use of trap crops should be discouraged for general adoption as a means of controlling it owing to the danger, through inattention to the trap crops, of breeding this boll-worm in them. Its incidence in former years is briefly reviewed. Of late years the annual infestation has diminished greatly in some districts but not in others. The variations in this regard are attributed mainly to the presence or otherwise of ratooned cotton, particularly in mild winters and to seasons of very late planting.

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“…are the most commonly mentioned parasites of corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) in North America (Quaintance and Brues 1905 ;McCollock 1920 ;Hardwick 1965 ;Oatman 1966 ) and Hawaii (Vargas and Nishida 1980 ). Trichogramma has been used for inundative releases more than any other natural enemy (Stinner 1977 ).…”

Section: Potential Of Trichogramma As a Biocontrol Agentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichogrammatids: Integration with Other Methods of Pest Control

Kumar

Sekhar

Kaur

2013

Biological Control of Insect Pests Using Egg Parasitoids

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Mass production and inundative release of Trichogramma , especially T. chilonis , has emerged as a promising component of IPM program on several crops in India. Selective (safer) synthetic pesticides have been identifi ed and alternatives like biocontrol agents and biopesticides have become easily available. Chemical ecology research has opened up means of improving kairomonal utilization for enhancing the impact of mass released egg parasitoids. The concurrent use of predators (e.g., Chrysoperla ), microbials (e.g., Bt ., N.P.V.), and botanicals (e.g., neem) has been shown to be benefi cial against several caterpillar pests. The scope for enhancing the availability of refugia and fl owering plants for pollen/nectar source are reckoned as useful means of in situ conservation of native egg parasitoids. Biorationals (e.g., spinosad) also offer an eco-friendly component for integration.

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The cotton bollworm /

Cited by 68 publications

References 0 publications

Histopathology of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (Reoviridae) infection in corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), larvae (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Histopathology of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (Reoviridae) infection in corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), larvae (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Investigations on the Control of the American and Red Bollworms of Cotton in S. Africa

Trichogrammatids: Integration with Other Methods of Pest Control

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