The Costs of Parliamentary Enclosure in an Upland Setting: South and East Cumbria<i>c</i>. 1760–1860

Whyte, Ian

doi:10.1179/174587006x89447

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…After landholders became convinced that common rights and open fields were an impediment to generating more income from land, their decision to enclose was driven by perceptions about the costs, and the expected returns from enclosure (Turner, 1984: 36–83). For any Parliamentary enclosure, the costs on landholders consisted of two main categories (Whyte, 2006: 97; Allen, 1992: 163–167). There were public costs born by all members of a parish or village being enclosed.…”

Section: Instruments Of Enclosurementioning

confidence: 99%

Enclosure: Palestinian Landscape in a “Not‐Too‐Distant Mirror”

Fields¹

2010

J Historical Sociology

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This article develops an explanation for the fractured and partitioned landscape in Palestine by comparing it to the early modern enclosures in England, and framing this comparison within a theory of "territoriality." Territoriality is a practice of power and refers to the efforts of individuals or groups to reorganize the economic life, politics, and culture of a place by reshaping landscape. The argument is that the Palestinian landscape is part of a long-standing narrative in which groups with power seek to transform the economy, demography, and culture of territorial space through the time-honored territorial practice of enclosing land. Enclosure consists of two basic instruments: a legal element that redefines rights of property by reorganizing systems of use, access, and socio-economic relations on the land; and architectural elements that reshape the landscape itself. English estate owners and Israeli Zionists are parallel actor groups using law and the built environment to remake life on the landscape. Mobilizing the institutional power of property law and the material power of the built environment, these groups reorder land ownership, use, and circulation on the landscape in an effort to consolidate systems of control over subalterns and reorganize socio-economic life and demography in a place. By exploring the contours of this pattern, this article seeks to uncover a more general meaning in the enclosure landscape of Palestine today.

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Section: Instruments Of Enclosurementioning

confidence: 99%

Enclosure: Palestinian Landscape in a “Not‐Too‐Distant Mirror”

Fields¹

2010

J Historical Sociology

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“…Female agricultural labourers had a slower wage growth, indicating higher levels of casual female labour in the sector. The majority of studies of the costs of enclosure and land ownership have focused upon the lowland areas of England, but Whyte, in two articles, looks at the old county of Westmorland between 1760 and 1860 where most of the land enclosed consisted of rough pasture rather than arable. A picture of great complexity is offered.…”

Section: (Iv) 1700–1850 Peter Kirby University Of Manchestermentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of periodical literature published in 2006

Pratt¹,

Schofield²,

French

et al. 2008

The Economic History Review

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Early Anglo-Saxon settlement sites have been revealed by several excavations. Dickens et al. report a substantial village and associated cemetery at Bloodmoor Hill, Suffolk. Finds included evidence for textile manufacture, but not specialist commodity production; occupation appears to have ceased in the late seventh or early eighth century. The settlement at Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire, published by Murray and McDonald, yielded an enclosed farmstead and cemetery, both in use until c.800. Evidence for textile production and the presence of Ipswich ware suggests the site's participation in an active trading network. Wright, on Orton Waterville, Peterborough, reports a long-lived settlement generating relatively modest material remains. The site at Shepperton, Middlesex, described by Poulton, appears to have been regularly laid out in the later Anglo-Saxon period, replacing a flourishing earlier settlement. Parallel ditches point to the 'toft and croft' arrangement of medieval villages.Debate continues over early population movement. Casting doubt on the historicity of Irish migration to western Britain in the fourth or fifth centuries, Dark postulates the pre-existing presence there of spoken Irish. This would contrast with the evidence for Anglo-Saxon migration, particularly to 'Anglian' areas, considered more secure. Bartholemew offers grounds for identifying 'Angulus', Continental homeland of the Angli described by Bede, as modern Frisia. Possible connections with Procopius's account, usually treated with scepticism, might suggest Frisia as the starting-point for a substantial part of the Anglo-Saxon migration into Britain. Addressing the subject of river-names, generally considered a good indicator of Anglo-Saxon displacement in lowland areas, Yeates offers evidence from the Cotswolds area showing the loss of Brittonic river-names occurring over a far longer period.Though not necessarily incompatible with the orthodox view, this may suggest a greater survival of Brittonic nomenclature originally in the west.In funerary archaeology, Hamerow explores the 'special' deposition of human and animal remains within areas of occupation. The relatively high percentage of dogs and horses, together with cattle, strengthens the impression of ritualistic activity, possibly directed towards fertility, while an association with sunken-featured buildings would make sense if such structures had been used for storage. Reconstructing the ritual of human cremation, Williams places the deceased body at the centre of an elaborate visual spectacle. Rather than a mourner-centred approach to interpretation, the body itself may have had some agency in a complex interrelationship between the living and the dead. Chester-Kadwell, evaluating metal-detector finds in Norfolk, suggests that if used carefully these can supplement the existing corpus of known early cemeteries. Lee's study of textile evidence in funerary contexts shows its value not only in relation to gender but also as an indicator of social status. The model of a 'final phase' o...

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“…Many peatlands in the UK and Ireland are considered degraded as a result of anthropogenic activities including burning, peat cutting and drainage (Holden et al 2007;Bonn et al 2016). In the UK, drainage has historically been used in moorland 'agricultural improvement' schemes, particularly during the nineteenth century following parliamentary enclosure acts (Whyte 2006) and in the post-war period (1940s to late 1970s) in response to national food supply concerns (Dallimer et al 2009;Lobley and Winter 2009). Drainage ditches reduce vegetation diversity on blanket peat (Gatis et al 2016), which may be exacerbated when drainage is used to facilitate increased grazing: longterm data suggest this may have led to the expansion and dominance of purple moor-grass (Molinia caerulea) across uplands (Chambers et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%