The cost of oropharyngeal cancer in England: A retrospective hospital data analysis

Abstract

Objectives: To estimate the total costs of treating head and neck cancers, specifically oropharyngeal, laryngeal and oral cavity cancer, in secondary care facilities in Conclusions:In 4 years, the number of patients with oropharyngeal cancer receiving some form of inpatient care increased by more than half, and associated costs increased by three quarters. This reinforces the case for prevention and early detection strategies to help contain this epidemiological and economic burden. | INTRODUCTIONHead and neck cancers, originating from the upper aero-digestive tract, are amongst the top ten malignancies globally for both incidence and mortality. 1 In the most recent National Audit of cases inAll authors contributed equally to this work. Changes in treatment costs for the different cancer subsites (oropharyngeal, laryngeal and oral cavity) over this time period were examined. Particular attention was paid to oropharyngeal cancer, for which it is thought costs may have risen at a faster rate relative to other subsites because of the improved survival profile of the growing proportion of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cases, assumed to be HPV positive. These cases can have more complex presentations and diagnostic pathways, which in turn lead to higher resource use.

Establishment of women-specific hospitals in Iran

“…In 2014, only 4% of orthopaedic surgeons, 5% of neurosurgeons, 7% of urologists, and 10% of general surgeons were women. 4 Admissions to the specialties were 0% for orthopaedic surgery, 3% for neurosurgery, 8% for urology, and 11% for general surgery. 4 In total, there are 53 general practi tioners, 46 specialists and subspecialists, 22 dentists, 165 nurses and midwives, and 17 pharmacists for every 100 000 individuals.…”

“…4 Admissions to the specialties were 0% for orthopaedic surgery, 3% for neurosurgery, 8% for urology, and 11% for general surgery. 4 In total, there are 53 general practi tioners, 46 specialists and subspecialists, 22 dentists, 165 nurses and midwives, and 17 pharmacists for every 100 000 individuals. 5 The shortage in the workforce requires staff to work very long hours.…”

“…Opponents discuss that provision of high-quality medical services to poor areas should 13 schools in 1979, to 54 schools in 2015. 4 In 1981, 13% of clinical specialists were women. 4 The government of the Islamic Republic made adjustments to the university entry criteria to run the GCP.…”

“…4 In 1981, 13% of clinical specialists were women. 4 The government of the Islamic Republic made adjustments to the university entry criteria to run the GCP. During subsequent years, the number of women admitted to medical majors in universities exceeded the number of addmitted men.…”

“…By 2012, about 60% of medical students were women. 4 In 1994, clinical specialty training quotas for all programmes were allocated to women. Despite the arrangements, the medical profession is still faced with a shortage of female doctors.…”