The cost of deep sleep: Environmental influences on sleep regulation are greater for diurnal lemurs

Samson, David R.; Bray, Joel; Nunn, Charles L.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.23455

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…We used species level means of sleep quotas from only adult aged nonhuman primates, and used the “high‐quality” subset of data in Capellini et al (). To these data, we added staging of sleep in the orangutan ( Pongo pygmaeus ) based on videography (Samson & Shumaker, ), and data on TST in six species of lemurs based on actigraphy (Samson, Bray, & Nunn, , in this volume). For analyses of sleep stages—that is, REM and NREM—we did not use estimates based on actigraphy.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, we significantly extend the initial analyses of Samson and Nunn () in the following ways. First, we investigate a broader set of predictor variables and additional primate species (Samson, Bray, & Nunn, ), as this may disentangle the factors that led to changes in sleep duration along the human lineage, and thus enable us to better predict human sleep duration based on ecological factors that are shared with other primates (rather than being unique to humans). For example, if greater predation risk in terrestrial settings is the primary driver of shorter human sleep, then incorporating this ecological variable into the statistical model should lead to better prediction of human sleep.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sleep in a comparative context: Investigating how human sleep differs from sleep in other primates

Nunn

Samson

2018

American J Phys Anthropol

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep in a comparative context: Investigating how human sleep differs from sleep in other primates

Nunn

Samson

2018

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…Recumbent rest is thought to only occur if elephants are comfortable in their environment (Abou‐Ismail et al, 2007; Koyama, Ueno, Eguchi, Uetake, & Tanaka, 2012; Siegel, 2009). Creating an appropriate sleep environment with acceptable noise levels (Orban, Soltis, Perkins, & Mellen, 2017), natural and artificial light provision (Raap, Pinxten, & Eens, 2015; Samson, Bray, & Nunn, 2017) and suitable sleeping surfaces (Walter, 2010; Williams et al, 2015) increases the potential for quality sleep and therefore caregivers have an important responsibility to not only provide an appropriate environment but to monitor nocturnal behavior to assess wellbeing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social and environmental impacts on sleep in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)

2020

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Modern zoos strive to improve standards of animal management, husbandry and welfare of their animals as part of a continual evaluation process. Elephants (Elephantidae) have received particular attention in recent years due to the challenge of providing environments which promote natural behavior and opportunities for social interaction. A number of measures have been proposed to measure wellbeing, with sleep quality increasingly being used. Sleep is a vital aspect of life for cell replenishment as well as optimal development of young. Sleep deprivation can lead to immunosuppression and illness; therefore animal managers have a responsibility to ensure they reduce the potential for disturbance through noise, light, or other environmental factors. The social environment also plays an essential role in wellbeing, particularly for species that live in multi-generational family units. In this study the nocturnal behavior of a multi-generational captive herd was observed to determine impacts of husbandry changes on sleep duration and bout length (measured as recumbent rest). As expected, average total duration of sleep was higher in younger elephants and rates were comparable to those reported in other studies of Asian elephants. Overnight access to an outdoor paddock in warmer weather increased overall average bout length of sleep in the herd. Average total duration of sleep also increased for the herd following the movement of an unrelated adult female who had previously shown weak bonds with other herd members. This indicates that social compatibility is a vital component of elephant welfare, impacting not only behavioral interactions but sleep quality and duration.

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“…Temperature is another environmental factor that has been shown to influence pattern and quality of sleep in lemurs (Samson, Bray, & Nunn, ). and chimpanzees (Pruetz, ).…”

Section: Historical Aspects Of Sleep Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ground sleeping may have allowed a deeper and less disturbed sleep in the absence of predators or enemies, however the question remains whether or not there has been safety from predators or enemies across human evolution. In this volume, Samson, Bray, and Nunn () investigate to what extent security of sleeping sites favors increased sleep intensity (with reduced motor activity serving as a proxy) and demonstrate that humans exhibit a lower degree of motor activity at night than other primates.…”

Section: Particularities Of Human Sleepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep and nesting behavior in primates: A review

Fruth

Tagg

Stewart

2018

American J Phys Anthropol

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Sleep is a universal behavior in vertebrate and invertebrate animals, suggesting it originated in the very first life forms. Given the vital function of sleep, sleeping patterns and sleep architecture follow dynamic and adaptive processes reflecting trade-offs to different selective pressures. Here, we review responses in sleep and sleep-related behavior to environmental constraints across primate species, focusing on the role of great ape nest building in hominid evolution. We summarize and synthesize major hypotheses explaining the proximate and ultimate functions of great ape nest building across all species and subspecies; we draw on 46 original studies published between 2000 and 2017. In addition, we integrate the most recent data brought together by researchers from a complementary range of disciplines in the frame of the symposium "Burning the midnight oil" held at the 26th Congress of the International Primatological Society, Chicago, August 2016, as well as some additional contributors, each of which is included as a "stand-alone" article in this "Primate Sleep" symposium set. In doing so, we present crucial factors to be considered in describing scenarios of human sleep evolution: (a) the implications of nest construction for sleep quality and cognition; (b) the tree-to-ground transition in early hominids; (c) the peculiarities of human sleep. We propose bridging disciplines such as neurobiology, endocrinology, medicine, and evolutionary ecology, so that future research may disentangle the major functions of sleep in human and nonhuman primates, namely its role in energy allocation, health, and cognition.

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The cost of deep sleep: Environmental influences on sleep regulation are greater for diurnal lemurs

Abstract: We propose that sleeping site security was an essential component of sleep regulation throughout primate evolution. This work suggests that sleeping site security may have been an important factor associated with the evolution of sleep in early and later hominins.

Cited by 17 publications

References 86 publications

Sleep in a comparative context: Investigating how human sleep differs from sleep in other primates

Sleep in a comparative context: Investigating how human sleep differs from sleep in other primates

Social and environmental impacts on sleep in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)

Sleep and nesting behavior in primates: A review

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