The cost benefit and efficiency of waste water treatment using domestic ponds—the ultimate solution in Southern Africa

Ntengwe, F.W.

doi:10.1016/j.pce.2005.08.015

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Number of samples evaluated -n. An important part of the investigations was to study the performance of different treatment steps in the systems. The first step takes place in the septic tank, which represents an anaerobic treatment method, the oldest and the most common for onsite domestic wastewater treatment (Ntengwe, 2005;Seghezzo et al, 1998). The removal in the septic tank was not considered in this study and septic tank effluent served as the baseline inflow data in the analysis below.…”

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

Filter bed systems treating domestic wastewater in the Nordic countries – Performance and reuse of filter media

Jenssen

Krogstad

Paruch

et al. 2010

Ecological Engineering

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a b s t r a c tNine filter beds have been constructed in the Nordic countries, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Filter beds consist of a septic tank followed by an aerobic pre-treatment biofilter and a subsequent saturated flow grass-covered filter. Thus, filter beds are similar to subsurface flow constructed wetlands with pre-treatment biofilters, but do not have wetland plants with roots submerged into the saturated filter. All saturated filters contain Filtralite ® P, a light-weight expanded clay aggregate possessing high phosphorus sorption capacity. The filter bed systems showed stable and consistent performance during the testing period of 3 years. Removal of organic matter measured as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was >80%, total phosphorus (TP) >94% and total nitrogen (TN) ranged from 32 to 66%. Effluent concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria met the European bathing water quality criteria in all systems. One system was investigated for virus removal and somatic viruses were not detected in the effluent. The investigations revealed that the majority of the BOD and nitrogen removal occurred in the pre-treatment filters and the phosphorus and bacteria removal was more prominent in the saturated filters. The saturated filters could be built substantially smaller than the current design guidelines without sacrificing treatment performance. The used filter material met the Norwegian regulations for reuse in agriculture with respect to heavy metals, bacteria and parasites. When saturated with phosphorus, the light-weight aggregate, Filtralite ® P used in the saturated bed is a suitable phosphorus fertilizer and additionally has a liming effect.

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Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

Filter bed systems treating domestic wastewater in the Nordic countries – Performance and reuse of filter media

Jenssen

Krogstad

Paruch

et al. 2010

Ecological Engineering

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“…It appears that the first trap for the eggs is the septic tank. It represents an anaerobic treatment method that is the simplest, oldest and most common for on-site wastewater treatment (Jewell 1987;Ntengwe 2005). Processes occurring in the tank are initiated by the retention of solids transported along with the wastewater, followed by sedimentation of suspended solids and, finally, digestion of the organic matter settled at the bottom as sludge.…”

Section: Scenarios For Human Parasite Eggs During Wastewater Treatmenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, it could be expected that the sludge, and not the effluent, from the septic tank is the most contaminated with pathogenic parasite eggs and therefore special attention is proposed to be paid to its treatment (Wen et al 2009). Although helminth eggs may eventually die in the sludge (Ntengwe 2005), they still remain the most resistant form of parasite contamination found in the sludge (Gaspard and Schwartzbrod 2003;references therein). Cofie et al (2006) reported, on the basis of available references, that the concentration of helminth eggs in the faecal sludge from on-site sanitation installations is normally higher by at least 10 times than in raw wastewater.…”

Section: Scenarios For Human Parasite Eggs During Wastewater Treatmenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible scenarios of environmental transport, occurrence and fate of helminth eggs in light weight aggregate wastewater treatment systems

Paruch

2009

Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol

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This work discusses the potential routes of transport, possible occurrence and predicted fate of parasite eggs corresponding to human pathogens in on-site wastewater treatment systems with Light Weight Aggregates (LWA) media. The discussion is mainly based on scientific evidences supported by practical outcomes derived from a survey of helminth eggs in the specific LWA materials-typical filter media of constructed wetlands (CWs) treating domestic wastewater in Norway. The scientific evidences showed that the greatest reduction in the egg concentrations occurs in septic tanks. The eggs that could pass through the tank trap can be accumulated and effectively eliminated in the filter media of CWs. The practical outcomes did not show any accumulation and the consequent contamination of the LWA media with helminth eggs. Because the outcomes characterised a survey that was carried out for the first time ever on the above-specified filter media and was not replicated, the absence of parasite eggs in the CW filters cannot be definitely stated. However, it could be theoretically assumed that the possibility of finding human parasite eggs originated from domestic wastewater in the LWA filters should be negligible.

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“…Differences in two basic types of Reed bed systems, the horizontal and the vertical, were also monitored, for the removal of a wide range of parameters in wastewater. Ntengwe (2005) reported that nutrients present in wastewater support the growth of microorganisms by providing perfect conditions like food, moisture, and temperature. These microorganisms are also helpful in biological wastewater in degrading organic matter into stable end products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Reed and Water Lettuce in Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment

Yasar¹,

Zaheer²,

Tabinda³

et al. 2018

Water Environment Research

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In the present study two designs, vertical and horizontal systems, were used and two different plant species, Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) and Reed plant (Phragmites karka), compared for their removal efficiency. The vertical system appeared to be more stable and efficient for almost all the parameters. The vertical system, planted with Water Lettuce, showed percentage removal efficiency for BOD, phosphate and chloride as 82, 95.4, and 51, respectively, whereas turbidity and total suspended solids removal efficiencies were almost the same. However, fecal coliform removal by the Water Lettuce was 98.8% for both designs (vertical and horizontal), showing the ability of the plant to uptake nutrients and release toxins for pathogen disinfection. It appears that the vertical system could be the better option, planted with Water Lettuce, or with both plants in a co-culture environment.

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The cost benefit and efficiency of waste water treatment using domestic ponds—the ultimate solution in Southern Africa

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

Filter bed systems treating domestic wastewater in the Nordic countries – Performance and reuse of filter media

Filter bed systems treating domestic wastewater in the Nordic countries – Performance and reuse of filter media

Possible scenarios of environmental transport, occurrence and fate of helminth eggs in light weight aggregate wastewater treatment systems

Comparison of Reed and Water Lettuce in Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment

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