The Cosmic-Ray Isotope Spectrometer for the Advanced Composition Explorer

Stone, E. C.; Cohen, C. M. S.; Cook, W. R.; Cummings, A. C.; Gauld, B.; Kecman, B.; Leske, R. A.; Mewaldt, R. A.; Thayer, M. R.; Dougherty, B. L.; Grumm, R.; Milliken, B.; Radocinski, R. G.; Wiedenbeck, M. E.; Christian, E. R.; Shuman, S.; Trexel, H.; Rosenvinge, T. T. von; Binns, W. R.; Crary, David; Dowkontt, P. F.; Epstein, Jenny; Hink, P. L.; Klarmann, J.; Lijowski, M.; Olevitch, M. A.

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4762-0_14

Cited by 49 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer (CRIS) instrument on the ACE (Advanced Composition Explorer) spacecraft measures in interplanetary space the CRs in the energy range from *50 to *500 MeV/nucleon, with isotopic resolution for elements with Z = 2 to Z = 30 (Stone et al 1998). George et al (2009) compared the composition of galactic cosmic rays with the solar system constituents and reported similar relative abundances except at Z = 3-5, 9-10, and 19-25.…”

Section: Galactic Cosmic Raysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Space Weather: Physics, Effects and Predictability

2010

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The time varying conditions in the near-Earth space environment that may affect space-borne or ground-based technological systems and may endanger human health or life are referred to as space weather. Space weather effects arise from the dynamic and highly variable conditions in the geospace environment starting from explosive events on the Sun (solar flares), Coronal Mass Ejections near the Sun in the interplanetary medium, and various energetic effects in the magnetosphere-ionosphere-atmosphere system. As the utilization of space has become part of our everyday lives, and as our lives have become increasingly dependent on technological systems vulnerable to the space weather influences, the understanding and prediction of hazards posed by these active solar events have grown in importance. In this paper, we review the processes of the Sun-Earth interactions, the dynamic conditions within the magnetosphere, and the predictability of space weather effects on radio waves, satellites and ground-based technological systems today.

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Section: Galactic Cosmic Raysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Space Weather: Physics, Effects and Predictability

2010

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“…The isotopic composition of this sample of matter contains a record of the nuclear history of cosmic ray material, including its synthesis in stars, and subsequent nuclear interactions with the interstellar gas. The primary instrument for studying galactic cosmic ray isotopes on ACE is the Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer (CRIS) which will cover the energy interval from 100 to 500 MeV/nuc with a geometry factor of 200 cm 2 sr (see Stone et al, 1998b). SIS will extend isotope studies to lower energies with a collecting power that is still several times greater than that of earlier satellite instruments.…”

Section: Studies Of Low Energy Galactic Cosmic Ray Isotopesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additional insight can be obtained using a power-law approximation to the function R Z;M E= M, which permits an explicit solution for M. These techniques are discussed in Stone et al (1998b).…”

Section: Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For an instrument that uses the multiple dE=dx , E approach, the mass resolution is a sum of several separate contributions (see Appendix A of Stone et al, 1998b) that can be evaluated by taking appropriate partial derivatives of Equation 2 above. Some of these depend on the physics of the interaction of charged particles with matter (e.g., energy-loss fluctuations, multiplescattering, and electron pickup and loss), while others depend on instrument design (e.g., trajectory resolution, uniformity of detector response, and electronic noise levels and stability).…”

Section: Design Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The electronics and packaging design follows closely that of CRIS (see Stone et al, 1998b). Key new features include programmable gate arrays, the card-cage/backplane style packaging using thermally actuated zero insertion force connectors, the modular packaging of silicon detectors onto the same PC boards that carry the front-end electronics, the RTX2010 microprocessor as central controller, and a newly developed pulse-heightanalysis hybrid for stack detector readout.…”

Section: Electronicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Solar Isotope Spectrometer for the Advanced Composition Explorer

Stone

Cohen

Cook

et al. 1998

The Advanced Composition Explorer Mission

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Abstract.The Solar Isotope Spectrometer (SIS), one of nine instruments on the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), is designed to provide high resolution measurements of the isotopic composition of energetic nuclei from He to Zn (Z = 2 to 30) over the energy range from 10 to 100 MeV/nuc. During large solar events SIS will measure the isotopic abundances of solar energetic particles to determine directly the composition of the solar corona and to study particle acceleration processes. During solar quiet times SIS will measure the isotopes of low-energy cosmic rays from the Galaxy and isotopes of the anomalous cosmic ray component, which originates in the nearby interstellar medium. SIS has two telescopes composed of silicon solid-state detectors that provide measurements of the nuclear charge, mass, and kinetic energy of incident nuclei. Within each telescope, particle trajectories are measured with a pair of two-dimensional silicon strip detectors instrumented with custom very-largescale integrated (VLSI) electronics to provide both position and energy-loss measurements. SIS was especially designed to achieve excellent mass resolution under the extreme, high flux conditions encountered in large solar particle events. It provides a geometry factor of 40 cm 2 sr, significantly greater than earlier solar particle isotope spectrometers. A microprocessor controls the instrument operation, sorts events into prioritized buffers on the basis of their charge, range, angle of incidence, and quality of trajectory determination, and formats data for read out by the spacecraft. This paper describes the design and operation of SIS and the scientific objectives that the instrument will address.

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Does the worsening galactic cosmic radiation environment observed by CRaTER preclude future manned deep space exploration?

et al. 2014

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The Sun and its solar wind are currently exhibiting extremely low densities and magnetic field strengths, representing states that have never been observed during the space age. The highly abnormal solar activity between cycles 23 and 24 has caused the longest solar minimum in over 80 years and continues into the unusually small solar maximum of cycle 24. As a result of the remarkably weak solar activity, we have also observed the highest fluxes of galactic cosmic rays in the space age and relatively small solar energetic particle events. We use observations from the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter to examine the implications of these highly unusual solar conditions for human space exploration. We show that while these conditions are not a show stopper for long‐duration missions (e.g., to the Moon, an asteroid, or Mars), galactic cosmic ray radiation remains a significant and worsening factor that limits mission durations. While solar energetic particle events in cycle 24 present some hazard, the accumulated doses for astronauts behind 10 g/cm2 shielding are well below current dose limits. Galactic cosmic radiation presents a more significant challenge: the time to 3% risk of exposure‐induced death (REID) in interplanetary space was less than 400 days for a 30 year old male and less than 300 days for a 30 year old female in the last cycle 23–24 minimum. The time to 3% REID is estimated to be ∼20% lower in the coming cycle 24–25 minimum. If the heliospheric magnetic field continues to weaken over time, as is likely, then allowable mission durations will decrease correspondingly. Thus, we estimate exposures in extreme solar minimum conditions and the corresponding effects on allowable durations.

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The Cosmic-Ray Isotope Spectrometer for the Advanced Composition Explorer

Cited by 49 publications

References 41 publications

Space Weather: Physics, Effects and Predictability

Space Weather: Physics, Effects and Predictability

The Solar Isotope Spectrometer for the Advanced Composition Explorer

Does the worsening galactic cosmic radiation environment observed by CRaTER preclude future manned deep space exploration?

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