The cosmic-ray experiment KASCADE

Antoni, T.; Apel, W. D.; Badea, F.; Bekk, K.; Bercuci, A.; Blümer, H.; Bozdog, H.; Brâncuş, I.M.; Büttner, C.; Chilingarian, A.; Daumiller, K.; Döll, P.; Engler, J.; Feßler, F.; Gils, H.J.; Glasstetter, R.; Haeusler, R.; Haungs, A.; Heck, D.; Hörandel, J. R.; Iwan, Agnieszka; Kampert, K.‐H.; Klages, H. O.; Maier, G.; Mathes, H.J.; Mayer, H.J.; Milke, J.; Müller, M. A.; Obenland, R.; Oehlschläger, J.; Ostapchenko, S.; Petcu, M.; Rebel, H.; Risse, M.; Roth, M.; Schatz, G.; Schieler, H.; Scholz, J.; Thouw, T.; Ulrich, H.; Vardanyan, A.; Weber, J.H.; Weindl, A.; Wentz, J.; Wochele, J.; Zabierowski, J.; Zagromski, S.

doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(03)02076-x

Cited by 347 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The current set-up of LOPES consists of 10 'inverted-V' antennas distributed over the KASCADE array 16 , which consists of 252 detector stations on a uniform grid with 13 m spacing, and which is electronically organized in 16 independent clusters. Each antenna is centred between four KASCADE huts in the northwestern part of the array.…”

Section: Description Of the Array And Standard Data Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We relate the radio signal to shower properties using parameters provided by the standard KASCADE data processing from the particle detectors 16 . These parameters are: location of the shower core, shower direction, energy deposited in the particle detectors, total number of electrons at ground level, and the reconstructed truncated muon number.…”

Section: Description Of the Array And Standard Data Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared to historical experiments, it provides an order of magnitude increase in bandwidth and time resolution, effective digital filtering methods, and for the first time true interferometric imaging capabilities. The radio array is co-located with the KASCADE 16 (Karlsruhe Shower Core and Array Detector) experiment that is now part of KASCADE-Grande at the research centre in Karlsruhe, Germany (see Supplementary Fig. 1).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Detection and imaging of atmospheric radio flashes from cosmic ray air showers

Falcke

Apel²,

Badea³

et al. 2005

Nature

349

317

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Section: Description Of the Array And Standard Data Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Description Of the Array And Standard Data Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection and imaging of atmospheric radio flashes from cosmic ray air showers

Falcke

Apel²,

Badea³

et al. 2005

Nature

349

317

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“…LOPES is co-located and combined with the air-shower detector KASCADE-Grande (Antoni et al, 2003;Apel et al, 2010). KASCADE-Grande is a multidetector air-shower experiment located in Karlsruhe, Germany, and consists of different particle-detector devices to measure all kinds of secondary particles in a large primary energy range of 10 14 -10 18 eV.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thunderstorm observations by air-shower radio antenna arrays

Apel

Arteaga

Bähren

et al. 2011

Advances in Space Research

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Relativistic, charged particles present in extensive air showers (EAS) lead to a coherent emission of radio pulses which are measured to identify the shower initiating high-energy cosmic rays. Especially during thunderstorms, there are additional strong electric fields in the atmosphere, which can lead to further multiplication and acceleration of the charged particles and thus have influence on the form and strength of the radio emission. For a reliable energy reconstruction of the primary cosmic ray by means of the measured radio signal it is very important to understand how electric fields affect the radio emission. In addition, lightning strikes are a prominent source of broadband radio emissions that are visible over very long distances. This, on the one hand, causes difficulties in the detection of the much lower signal of the air shower. On the other hand the recorded signals can be used to study features of the lightning development. The detection of cosmic rays via the radio emission and the influence of strong electric fields on this detection technique is investigated with the LOPES experiment in Karlsruhe, Germany. The important question if a lightning is initiated by the high electron density given at the maximum of a high-energy cosmic-ray air shower is also investigated, but could not be answered by LOPES. But, these investigations exhibit the capabilities of EAS radio antenna arrays for lightning studies. We report about the studies of LOPES measured radio signals of air showers taken during thunderstorms and give a short outlook to new measurements dedicated to search for correlations of lightning and cosmic rays.

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“…This instrument detects the air showers mainly with particle detectors covering an area of 3000 km 2 . The number of particles measured by the particle detectors allows one to estimate the energy of the primary particle, the direction of origin, and to find the lateral extension from a shower core, which depends on the species of the primary particle [8]. Next to particle detectors, four air fluorescence detectors measure the fluorescence light yield of about 10% of all detected showers.…”

Section: Why Air Showers?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cosmic rays studied with a hybrid high school detector array

et al. 2007

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C osmic rays" is the generic name for different types of particles that hit the Earth's atmosphere with about the speed of light, varying in energy over a wide range. It was found that with increasing energy the number of cosmic rays arriving at the Earth drops sharply, see the flux-power spectrum in Fig. 1. The cosmic ray (CR) composition consists of protons (86%), α-particles (11%), nuclei of heavier elements (1%), electrons (2%) and neutrinos (<1%) [1]. Most cosmic rays up to Gev energies are thought to be produced in our galaxy by stars and beyond these energies in supernova remnants (SNR); however the origin of the highest energetic particles is still unclear. An upper limit to the energy has been observed around 100 EeV (GZK cutoff [2], [3]). A uniform distribution on the sky strongly indicates that the highest energy CRs are produced in a variety of distant extra-galactic sources. Source candidates are collimated relativistic matter streams (jets) associated with galaxies emitting powerful radio emission (radio galaxies), as well as radio-loud young galaxies called quasi-stellar objects (quasars). Furthermore, bursts of high frequency electromagnetic emission called gamma ray bursts (GRBs) and magnetars, which are very compact stars with strong magnetic fields, are also candidates for the origin of the high energy CRs since they may be capable of the extreme particle acceleration required.In the Earth's atmosphere these CRs initiate a cascade of particle collisions in which a large multiplicity of secondary particles of all kinds are produced. The creation and annihilation of particles in the cascade establishes a so-called air shower pancake traveling through the atmosphere. Additionally, the charged particles in the pancake -mainly the electrons and their counterparts the positrons -get deflected in the Earth's magnetic field and emit beamed coherent radiation called geosynchrotron emission [4]. The number of particles in the air shower and the peak voltage of the radio emission detectable on the ground depend approximately linearly on the energy of the primary particle. The radio emission increases with increasing angle between the cosmic ray trajectory and the Earth's magnetic field [5]. Why air showers?Every second, one low energy cosmic ray particle is hitting every square meter of the Earth's atmosphere. The resulting shower is attenuated in the atmosphere before reaching the ground and can, however, only be detected directly by a detector on a plane or balloon. The latter is the way cosmic rays have been discovered in 1912 by Victor F. Hess [6]. High energy cosmic rays hit an area of a square kilometer only once per year, thus requiring an expensive detector covering a large area for an effective measurement. On the other hand, from the air shower initiated by the primary particle, several hundred thousands of particles reach the ground within a radius of a few hundred meters, depending on the energy of the cosmic ray. Therefore, analyzing the shower to infer information ••• " ᭡ Fig. 1: Cosmic ray...

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The cosmic-ray experiment KASCADE

Cited by 347 publications

References 13 publications

Detection and imaging of atmospheric radio flashes from cosmic ray air showers

Detection and imaging of atmospheric radio flashes from cosmic ray air showers

Thunderstorm observations by air-shower radio antenna arrays

Cosmic rays studied with a hybrid high school detector array

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