The cortical organization of writing sequence: evidence from observing Chinese characters in motion

Zhang, Zhaoqi; Yuan, Qiming; Liu, Zeping; Zhang, Man; Wu, Junjie; Lu, Chunming; Ding, Guiguang; Guo, Taomei

doi:10.1007/s00429-021-02276-x

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(91 reference statements)

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“…The DD participants also exhibited reduced activation in the SMA during reading tasks, which may be due to a disruption of motor sequence memory for visual word recognition. This explanation is supported by the previous finding that activation of the SMA was sensitive to the stroke sequence of Chinese characters in visual word recognition (Yu et al., 2011 ; Zhang et al., 2021 ). During reading acquisition, Chinese children spend much time learning by writing characters following conventional rules of stroke sequences.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Through repetitive practice of handwriting, children learn how to deconstruct characters into strokes and stroke patterns, then regroup these stroke patterns into square units, which helps to establish elaborated representations of written word forms (Cao et al., 2013 ; Tan, Spinks, et al., 2005 ; Tan et al., 2013 ). The gestural and sequence information concerning how the written symbols are produced could be represented in specific brain regions and recruited during both writing and reading (Nakamura et al., 2012 ; Zhang et al., 2021 ). Therefore, the SMA may be an important neural locus where dyslexic children showed a deficit in automatic dynamic motor representations of written words.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gestural and sequence information concerning how the written symbols are produced could be represented in specific brain regions and recruited during both writing and reading (Nakamura et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2021). Therefore, the SMA may be an important neural locus where dyslexic children showed a deficit in automatic dynamic motor representations of written words.…”

Section: Brain Activation For Peripheral Motor Processing During Hand...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The brain basis of handwriting deficits in Chinese children with developmental dyslexia

Yang

Zuo

Tam

et al. 2021

Developmental Science

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Abundant behavioral studies have demonstrated high comorbidity of reading and handwriting difficulties in developmental dyslexia (DD), a neurological condition characterized by unexpectedly low reading ability despite adequate nonverbal intelligence and typical schooling. The neural correlates of handwriting deficits remain largely unknown; however, as well as the extent that handwriting deficits share common neural bases with reading deficits in DD. The present work used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine brain activity during handwriting and reading tasks in Chinese dyslexic children (n = 18) and age-matched controls (n = 23). Compared to controls, dyslexic children exhibited reduced activation during handwriting tasks in brain regions supporting sensory-motor processing (including supplementary motor area and postcentral gyrus) and visual-orthography processing (including bilateral precuneus and right cuneus). Among these regions, the left supplementary motor area and the right precuneus also showed a trend of reduced activation during reading tasks in dyslexics. Moreover, increased activation was found in the left inferior frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex in dyslexics, which may reflect more efforts of executive control to compensate for the impairments of motor and visual-orthographic processing. Finally, dyslexic children exhibited aberrant functional connectivity amongThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Brain Activation For Peripheral Motor Processing During Hand...mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The brain basis of handwriting deficits in Chinese children with developmental dyslexia

Yang

Zuo

Tam

et al. 2021

Developmental Science

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“…Moreover, the SMN has been widely identified to be engaged in handwriting. Functionally, the bilateral primary motor regions are involved in motor control ( Planton et al, 2013 ), while the medial frontal gyrus (including the SMA) serves the process of Chinese writing sequence ( Zhang Z. et al, 2021 ) or motor response preparation ( Planton et al, 2013 ). Consequently, the coupling between the SMN and VN is recruited to support the coordination of visual and motor controls necessary for handwriting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disruption of Functional Brain Networks Underlies the Handwriting Deficit in Children With Developmental Dyslexia

Liu

et al. 2022

Front. Neurosci.

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Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a neurological-based learning disorder that affects 5-17.5% of children. Handwriting difficulty is a prevailing symptom of dyslexia, but its neural mechanisms remain elusive. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), this study examined functional brain networks associated with handwriting in a copying task in Chinese children with DD (n = 17) and age-matched children (n = 36). We found that dyslexics showed reduced network connectivity between the sensory-motor network (SMN) and the visual network (VN), and between the default mode network (DMN) and the ventral attention network (VAN) during handwriting, but not during drawing geometric figures. Moreover, the connectivity strength of the networks showing group differences was correlated with handwriting speed, reading and working memory, suggesting that the handwriting deficit in DD is linked with disruption of a large-scale brain network supporting motoric, linguistic and executive control processes. Taken together, this study demonstrates the alternations of functional brain networks that underly the handwriting deficit in Chinese dyslexia, providing a new clue for the neural basis of DD.

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The underlying neuropsychological and neural correlates of the impaired Chinese reading skills in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Wu,

Wang,

Zhong

et al. 2024

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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Impaired basic academic skills (e.g., word recognition) are common in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The underlying neuropsychological and neural correlates of impaired Chinese reading skills in children with ADHD have not been substantially explored. Three hundred and two children with ADHD (all medication-naïve) and 105 healthy controls underwent the Chinese language skill assessment, and 175 also underwent fMRI scans (84 ADHD and 91 controls). Between-group and mediation analyses were applied to explore the interrelationships of the diagnosis of ADHD, cognitive dysfunction, and impaired reading skills. Five ADHD-related brain functional networks, including the default mode network (DMN) and the dorsal attention network (DAN), were built using predefined regions of interest. Voxel-based group-wise comparisons were performed. The ADHD group performed worse than the control group in word-level reading ability tests, with lower scores in Chinese character recognition (CR) and word chains (WS) (all P < 0.05). With full-scale IQ and sustained attention in the mediation model, the direct effect of ADHD status on the CR score became insignificant (P = 0.066). The underlying neural correlates for the orthographic knowledge (OT) and CR differed between the ADHD and the control group. The ADHD group tended to recruit more DMN regions to maintain their reading performance, while the control group seemed to utilize more DAN regions. Children with ADHD generally presented impaired word-level reading skills, which might be caused by impaired sustained attention and lower IQ. According to the brain functional results, we infer that ADHD children might utilize a different strategy to maintain their orthographic knowledge and character recognition performance.

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The cortical organization of writing sequence: evidence from observing Chinese characters in motion

Cited by 7 publications

References 85 publications

The brain basis of handwriting deficits in Chinese children with developmental dyslexia

The brain basis of handwriting deficits in Chinese children with developmental dyslexia

Disruption of Functional Brain Networks Underlies the Handwriting Deficit in Children With Developmental Dyslexia

The underlying neuropsychological and neural correlates of the impaired Chinese reading skills in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

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