The Corrosion of Stainless Steel Made by Additive Manufacturing: A Review

Abstract

The advantages of additive manufacturing (AM) of metals over traditional manufacturing methods have triggered many relevant studies comparing the mechanical properties, corrosion behavior, and microstructure of metals produced by AM or traditional manufacturing methods. This review focuses exclusively on the corrosion property of AM-fabricated stainless steel by comprehensively analyzing the relevant literature. The principles of various AM processes, which have been adopted in the corrosion study of stainless steel, and the corrosion behaviors of stainless steel depending on the AM process, the stainless steel type, and the corrosion environment are summarized. In this comprehensive analysis of relevant literature, we extract dominant experimental factors and the most relevant properties affecting the corrosion of AM-fabricated stainless steel. In selective laser melting, the effects of the scan speed, laser power, energy density, and the post-treatment technologies are usually investigated. In direct laser deposition, the most relevant papers focused on the effect of heat treatments on passive films and the Cr content. There has been no specific trend in the corrosion study of stainless steel that is fabricated by other AM processes, such as wire arc additive manufacturing. Given the rising utilization of AM-produced metal parts, the corrosion issue will be more important in the future, and this review should provide a worthwhile basis for future works.

Мікробудова Та Властивості Сталі Aisi 316l Біомедичного Призначення, Виготовленої Методом LPBF-Друку

“…При використанні SLM-технології друк проводиться в середовищі інертного газу, при цьому використовується більш потужний лазерний промінь, який забезпечує повне розплавлення часток порошку. SLS/SLM-технології дозволяє виробляти імпланти з кращими механічними властивостями [10] і біосумісністю [11] в порівнянні з імплантати, отриманими класичним способом. Зважаючи на те, що виробництво імплантів за SLM-технологією відбувається шляхом багатьох циклів швидкого плавлення/охолодження, воно веде до підвищених залишкових напружень, які можуть викликати зниження механічних властивостей, мікротріщини і деформації імпланту, в зв'язку з чим для їх усунення рекомендується проводити термічну обробку [12].…”

Bioreactor as the root cause of the “manganese effect” during Aspergillus niger citric acid fermentations

“…As well, stainless steel contains 8–18% nickel and up to 2% manganese ( Shackelford and William, 2001 ). Corrosion resistance is the basic feature of stainless steel, but it can still corrode when exposed to acids, saline, grease, moisture, organic solvents such as acetonitrile and methanol or prolonged exposure to heat ( Ko et al, 2021 ). Corrosion is typically an oxidation process driven by the tendency of refined metals to transfer into their chemically more stable state—e.g., iron converts to iron-oxide (rust)—and requires the simultaneous presence of moisture and oxygen.…”

Microstructural Features, Defects, and Corrosion Behaviour of 316L Stainless Steel Clads Deposited on Wrought Material by Powder- and Laser-Based Direct Energy Deposition with Relevance to Repair Applications

“…The microstructure of additively manufactured (AM) 316L SS is characterised by a fine and interconnected network of sub-granular cells with their border enriched in alloying elements [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. This distinctive microstructure is known to greatly influence the corrosion performance of these materials [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. However, most of the works in the literature dedicated to investigating the corrosion behavior of AM 316L SS specimens have been conducted on parts fabricated by laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) [ 10 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ].…”