The corrosion of single pits on stainless steel in acidic chloride solution

Alkire, Richard C.; Wong, Kai P.

doi:10.1016/0010-938x(88)90060-1

Cited by 62 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Various controlling factors mentioned above such as mass transport, ohmic or charge transfer control give rise to a pit penetration depth that is a specific function of exposure duration such as time raised to the 1/2 or 1/3 power depending on the governing details. [190][191][192] This is shown qualitatively in Fig. 3 where the extent of damage increases rapidly with time once localized corrosion sites form.…”

Section: Overview Of Metallic Corrosionmentioning

confidence: 64%

A comparative review of the aqueous corrosion of glasses, crystalline ceramics, and metals

et al. 2018

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All materials can suffer from environmental degradation; the rate and extent of degradation depend on the details of the material composition and structure as well as the environment. The corrosion of silicate glasses, crystalline ceramics, and metals, particularly as related to nuclear waste forms, has received a lot of attention. The corrosion phenomena and mechanisms of these materials are different, but also have many similarities. This review compares and contrasts the mechanisms of environmental degradation of glass, crystalline ceramics, and metals, with the goal of identifying commonalities that can seed synergistic activities and advance the current knowledge in each area.npj Materials Degradation (2018) 2:15 ; doi:10.1038/s41529-018-0037-2 INTRODUCTIONNew research activity focused on the environmental degradation of silicate glasses, crystalline ceramics, and metals relevant to nuclear waste forms and containers has recently been described.

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Section: Overview Of Metallic Corrosionmentioning

confidence: 64%

A comparative review of the aqueous corrosion of glasses, crystalline ceramics, and metals

et al. 2018

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“…This is exemplified in Fig. 2: 12 seconds after the potential drop, the counter electrode was reconnected and at the same time, the substrate was (ii) this could be ascribed to the controversial role of SO 4 2− ions that are believed to participate to the formation of a FeSO 4 salt film when in contact with Fe 2+ ions [8,26];…”

Section: Generation Of a Single Pit Using An Agcl Probe (Setup I)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To overcome this problem, some authors have worked on the development of a single pit, which allows a direct correlation between the measured data and the observed event. For instance, Alkire and Wong [4] developed a method for the initiation of a single pit on SS by masking all the surface with a thick photoresist coating except a domain of 100 µm in diameter left bare for the pit initiation when exposed to a chloride containing solution. The as-obtained pits were dish shaped with a depth-to-radius ratio close to 0.5.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initiation and growth of a single pit on 316L stainless steel: Influence of SO42− and ClO4− anions

Aouina¹,

Balbaud-Célérier²,

Huet³

et al. 2013

Electrochimica Acta

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In this paper, an ion micro dispenser (IMD) was used to initiate a single pit by generating chloride anions above a 316L stainless steel electrode in either H 2 SO 4 or HClO 4 electrolyte.The current variations with respect to time provided an unambiguous characterization of the single pit evolution. Different pit shapes were observed depending on both the nature of the electrolyte and potential applied to the electrode. Substituting SO 4 2-for ClO 4 -gave smaller (in diameter) but deeper pits at the early stage of pitting. However, when using a different setup that allows the sustaining of the pit propagation with a continuous supply of Cl -, the deeper pits were observed in HClO 4 rather than H 2 SO 4 . The formation of an iron sulphate salt film at the bottom of the pit by precipitation of dissolution products in H 2 SO 4 slowed down the corrosion rate. At high potentials, the repassivation mechanism outweighed the metal dissolution in the ClO 4 -solution containing solution.

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“…12 To sustain stable pit growth under anodic polarization, a minimum current density is required, with typical values for stainless steel in the region of 1-5 A.cm −2 . 13,14 For pit initiation, however, far higher current densities were observed, 15 followed by a reduction with increasing pit volume which corresponds to an increase in active pit surface area over time. The electrochemical potential at the pit bottom remains above the repassivation potential resulting in active dissolution conditions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of a Quasi In Situ Experimental Approach to Estimate 3-D Pitting Corrosion Kinetics in Stainless Steel

Al-Muaili

McDonald

Withers

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Pitting corrosion kinetics of type 304L stainless steel have been obtained using a quasi in-situ X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) approach. A miniature electro-chemical cell was constructed to allow imaging during potentio-dynamic polarization of a wire specimen in chloride solution. The formation of three discrete pits was observed, allowing comparison between real pit geometry and different geometrical assumptions to estimate pit growth kinetics. The pit volumes obtained by X-ray CT showed a good fit with the volume of metal dissolution calculated using Faraday's law. Large fluctuations of the mean current density were observed during the pit nucleation stage, followed by pit growth with mean current densities of 1-3 A.cm −2 . Stability products associated with these pits were on the order of 0.3-0.6 A.m −1 , with a diffusivity parameter (D . C) of 1. Pitting or crevice corrosion can occur on stainless steels exposed to halide containing environments. The breakdown of the passive surface film results in the nucleation of local attack, which is followed by pit growth, with a number of mechanisms proposed for each stage. 1,2Electrochemical polarization above the critical pitting potential leads to formation of pits, in the form of localized metal dissolution, with corrosive electrolyte developing inside the nucleated pit due to hydrolysis of dissolved metal ions, and chloride ions being attracted from bulk solution to maintain charge neutrality.3 At high applied electrochemical potentials, pits grow with a polished inner surface morphology, associated with salt film formation, whereas pits grown at lower applied potentials display more irregular etch morphologies of the internal pit surface. 4 An undercutting mechanism was suggested for pit growth at high electrochemical potentials, leading to the development of dish shaped pits covered by metal lacy covers. 5-10Pit propagation is controlled by diffusion of species through the salt film at the inner surface of pits. A high anodic dissolution rate, which facilitate critical ion concentrations inside a pit, is the criterion for pits to propagate. 11 The anolyte concentration inside a pit influences pit growth kinetics and the pit shape. For example, a 3 M concentration of dissolved metal ions was proposed as the minimum concentration to turn an open hemispherical meta-stable pit into a stable pit. However, pits developed with lacy metal covers grow at far lower metal ion concentrations, since these covers are believed to provide an effective diffusion barrier 12 and an increased ohmic resistance between pit interior and the bulk electrolyte.1 Based on these observations for the transition between meta-stable and stable pits, the "pit stability product" (0.3 A. m −1 ≤ i.r ≤ 0.6 A. m −1 ) was proposed, with the latter based on the evolution of pit current density (i) and pit depth (r). 12To sustain stable pit growth under anodic polarization, a minimum current density is required, with typical values for stainless steel in the region of 1-5 A.cm −2 . 13,14 For ...

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The corrosion of single pits on stainless steel in acidic chloride solution

Cited by 62 publications

References 13 publications

A comparative review of the aqueous corrosion of glasses, crystalline ceramics, and metals

A comparative review of the aqueous corrosion of glasses, crystalline ceramics, and metals

Initiation and growth of a single pit on 316L stainless steel: Influence of SO42− and ClO4− anions

Application of a Quasi In Situ Experimental Approach to Estimate 3-D Pitting Corrosion Kinetics in Stainless Steel

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