The correlation of obesity, smoking, fried foods consumption pattern and food intake with lipid profile in civil servant in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract

Background: Dyslipidemia is an abnormal change in the levels of lipid profile such as increased levels of total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides or decreased levels of HDL. The proportion of the Indonesian population (> 15 years old) with a total cholesterol level above the normal value amounted to 35,9%. Objective: To determine the correlation of obesity, smoking, fried food consumption pattern and food intake with lipid profile in civil servant in Yogyakarta.Methods: This study is an observational study with cross sectional design at employees of Gadjah Mada University who perform medical check-up at the GMC-Health Center Yogyakarta. There are 179 respondents in the study. Subjects are categorized to have dyslipidemia (based on NCEP ATP III criteria) if it meets ≥ 1 of the following criteria: (1) Total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL; (2) LDL cholesterol ≥ 130 mg / dL; (3) HDL cholesterol < 40 mg / dL; and (4) Triglycerides ≥150 mg / dL. Fried food consumption patterns and food intake is obtained using semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). Data were analyzed by Chi Square, Independent t test and Mann Whitney test (adjusted for scale variables used) with a confidence level of 95%.Results: One hundred and fifty five of 179 respondents (87.3%) diagnosed with dyslipidemia. There are 52% abnormal cholesterol, abnormal LDL 67%, 43% and 28.5% with abnormal HDL and abnormal triglycerides, respectively. The statistical test showed the correlation of obesity (p=0,022), smoking (p=0,013), the type of fried food (p=0.047), the amount of fried foods (p=0,013) and fat intake from fried foods (p=0.036) has significant association with lipid profile levels.Conclusions: There is significant correlation between obesity, smoking, type of fried food, amount of fried foods and fat intake from fried food with lipid profile levels.

Consumption of Fried Foods as A Risk Factor for Hypercholesterolemia: Study of Eating Habits in Public Health Students

“…This is because most of the respondents are female and do not smoke, while only a small proportion of smokers are male. This study is in line with research (Sudargo, et al, 2017) which also showed that there was no significant relationship between smoking and hypercholesterolemia.…”

“…People who are obese or overweight can increase cholesterol levels. A person who is overweight has higher levels of total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides compared to normal body weight (Sudargo, et al, 2017). The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was higher in individuals with overweight/obese versus normal BMI (Subhan & Chan, 2019).…”

“…Previous research also stated that the more cigarettes smoked, the higher the total cholesterol level (Sudargo, et al, 2017). Research by Trivedi (2016) stated that total cholesterol levels are higher in smokers compared to non-smokers.…”

“…Several studies have shown that smoking can in-crease LDL cholesterol levels and reduce HDL cholesterol. High nicotine levels in the blood can also lead to abnormalities in blood vessels that have an impact on health problems (Sudargo, et al, 2017). Nicotine, which is the main component of cigarettes, can increase the secretion of catecholamines, thereby increasing lipolysis.…”

Obesity as a Common Comorbidity in Patients With Diabetes: Occurrence Based on Eating Habits and Other Determinants in West Java, Indonesia

“…Based on the National Health Survey 2013, West Java is one of the five provinces with the highest consumption of fat and cholesterol and also fried food above the national average. Finding reported that individual consuming fried food which containing trans fatty acid has a higher risk of lipid profile abnormality, which was likely associated with obesity [27,28]. A high-fat diet also is one of the main causes of the development of obesity.…”