“…However, speaking in the FL context is often reported by learners as the most anxiety-provoking language skill (Horwitz, 2001;Phillips, 1992;Young, 1990;Zhang, 2013), and this may be the determining factor in the neglect of research on the effect of FL anxiety on listening comprehension performance. Moreover, many studies on FL listening anxiety have examined the relationship between listening anxiety and other affective variables such as motivation (Adnan, Marlina, Trisno, & Hutapea, 2021;Amiryousefi & Tavakoli, 2011;Bang & Hiver, 2016;Chow, Chiu, & Wong, 2018;Li, 2022;Liu & Yuan, 2021), self-efficacy (Arslan, 2017;Canaran, Bayram, Doğan, & Baturay, 2020;Fathi, Derakhshan, & Torabi, 2020;Mills, Pajares, & Herron, 2006), metacognitive awareness (Durmaz & Aşık, 2022;Xu & Huang, 2018), and engagement (Zhang, Dai, & Ardasheva, 2020). The findings indicated that language anxiety has a holistic effect on other affective variables (Gopang, Bughio, Memon, & Faiz, 2016;Horwitz, 2017;Lili, 2015;Liu & Huang, 2011;Mesri, 2012;Otair & Abd Aziz, 2017;Polat & Erişti, 2019;Xu, 2011).…”