“…This is not only because of its high rate, but also because of its association with social exclusion, lower social class, and lower educational attainment in mothers (e.g., Coley & Chase-Lansdale, 1998;Figueiredo, Pacheco, & Magarinho, 2005;Pacheco, Costa, & Figueiredo, 2003;Social Exclusion Unit UK, 1999;Stevens-Simon & McAnarney, 1996). It is also highly associated with mothers' depression (Deal & Holtz, 1998;Hudson, Elek, & Campbell-Grossman, 2000;Leadbeater & Linares, 1992;Prodromidis, Abrams, Field, Scafidi, & Rahdert, 1994;Troutman & Cutrona, 1990) and with subsequent poor parenting of the child (e.g., Barnard, Osofsky, Beckwith, Hammond, & Appelbaum, 1996;Hann, Osofsky, & Culp, 1996), including child maltreatment and neglect (e.g., Baranowski, Schilmoeller, & Higgins, 1990;Brown, Cohen, Johnson, & Salzinger, 1998;Zuravin & DiBlasio, 1996). In terms of prevalence, the highest European fertility rates between the ages of 15 and 19 are in the UK (0.023) followed by Portugal women with poor early relationships tend to have less satisfaction and perceive lower availability of partner's support, which in turn increase vulnerability for depression during the transition to parenthood (e.g., .…”